.

Monday, September 30, 2019

Qantas’ Stakeholders

1. 2. Qantas’ stakeholders Stakeholders are all groups and individuals who have an interest in the company being analysed. In order to focus on these groups which have the power to influence, corporate level activities have to be identified first. This can include large shareholders, governments and trade unions. The power and interest of those stakeholder groups have an impact on the process by which strategy develops at the corporate level and in each individual business. (Williamson et al, 2004, pg. 9) Qantas’ stakeholders are its shareholders, employees, customers, business partners and the community.Indirect stakeholders of Qantas would include academics, the media, governments and nongovernmental organisations. They all have a major influence on the business, its strategy and therefore its performance. According to the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales â€Å"the objective of financial statements is to provide information about the reporting entity’s financial performance and financial position that is useful to a wide range of users for assessing the stewardship of the entity’s management and for making economic decisions†. Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, 2002/2003, pg. 22) Furthermore, it says that this objective can usually be met by concentrating only on the information needs of present and potential investors which are the defining class of user. That is the reason why I will focus on present and potential stakeholders in the main part of this assignment. http://www. grin. com/en/e-book/79856/business-deconstructed-qantas-airways-limited shareholders, customers, suppliers, employees, government regulators and members of the community where Qantas operates http://www. antas. com. au/travel/airlines/governance-structure/global/en Table 1: Qantas’ Strategic Objective Analysis| Stakeholder| Salience| Stakeholder demands/needs that must be satisfied| Strategic objectiv e(s) to address stakeholders demand(s)/need(s)| Shareholders| Definitive| * Profit Growth * Business Sustainability | * Profit Growth * Transparent Business| Customers| Definitive| * Quality Service * Cost Reduction * Diverse Route Access| *Extended Partner Base * Optimal Fleet Network * Operational Efficiency| Suppliers| Dominant| * Provide Constant Business * Strong Partnership * Positive Image| * Strong Relationship| Employees| Dominant| * Appreciation * Security * Competence| * Operational Certainty * Provide Staff Benefits| Government| Dominant| | | Community Groups| Dominant| | |

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Thorn Queen Chapter Seven

There were five of them, to be precise, each standing about seven feet tall. Their skin reminded me of a salamander's, smooth with a slightly moist appearance. It was mottled red and black, like marble. They had fangs like saber-toothed tigers, and flames glowed in the hollows of their eyes. â€Å"Fire demons,† I amended. Not that the type mattered too much. I'd fought other creatures from the Underworld, but full-fledged demons? Those were bad. The type was irrelevant. These guys made last night's fight with Rocky Raccoon seem like a warm-up stretch. Immediately, those bandits that weren't actively engaged with us began retreating behind the demons. Those we were fighting struggled to break away, knowing the demons would cover them. One of my men bravely charged a demon. The demon put its hands together, and a huge orb of fire appeared. The demon then threw it at the guy, instantly turning him into a screaming, living torch. â€Å"Shit!† I yelled. Without even thinking, I pulled all the moisture from the air and hurled it toward the guard. Water materialized around him, drenching him in a tidal wave. It turned the rest of the air oppressively dry, and a few trees withered and collapsed. I'd sucked out their water to make the wave as well. Nonetheless, the flames dissipated, and the guy dropped into wet, smoldering unconsciousness. At least, I hoped he was unconscious and not dead. My guards attacked in groups and fared a little better that way, able to distract the demons' attention. Volusian fought well too, but it was quickly becoming apparent that this was not going to end well for us. Picking the demon who appeared to be putting up the best fight, I took out my wand and focused my energy. I sent my will out toward the demon, grabbing hold of him with my mind and letting my senses spread beyond me and this world. The black and white butterfly tattoo on my arm began to burn. It was the symbol of Persephone, goddess of the Underworld, and I used its power to open the gates to that domain. Down the slope, the demon suddenly looked in my direction, sensing the binding wrap around it. He was powerful, and banishing him from this world into the next was taking more of my strength and power than I expected. Ignoring the attacking guards, he hurled a huge ball of fire at me. Immediately, I dropped my connection to the Underworld and pulled as much water as I could to me. Aside from my companions-whom I was careful to avoid-only the vegetation provided a quick source of water. Plants and cacti crumpled and died in a wide arc around us, but it was what I needed. A wall of water appeared before me, blocking the fireball. â€Å"Damn it, Eugenie,† cried Kiyo. â€Å"You can't keep doing that.† â€Å"I can banish them,† I said. â€Å"Just distract them.† Kiyo grimaced and then transformed into that â€Å"superfox† form, a huge beast of primordial strength and power, the Otherworldly ancestor of all foxes. He leapt on the demon who'd attacked me, and I once more attempted my binding. Volusian joined him. Between those two and the guards, the demon couldn't block me this time. Speaking words of banishment, I pushed him out of this world and into the next, careful to keep myself from getting sucked in along the way. The demon exploded in sparks that quickly dimmed and disappeared. I nearly fell over. The exertion to do that had been excruciating, and I was pretty sure I couldn't do it again. We had to get out of there and pray the demons didn't follow us. â€Å"Rurik,† I yelled, hoping the big warrior would hear me. â€Å"We need to retreat!† He gave a quick nod, eyes on the demon he attacked. Between magic and swords, his group was doing a good job of fighting it, but the battle was far from over. He barked out some orders. My group began falling back, fighting our way through the retreat. To my relief, two men picked up the guy who had been burned earlier and helped drag him out. Kiyo and Volusian stayed to cover our retreat, and I tried once again to banish a demon. No luck. So, relying on an old standby, I took out the Glock and began firing silver bullets. They hit the mark, weakening some of the demons and allowing our escape. When we'd reached a certain point, I saw that they were no longer following us. They were based around the camp, as I'd suspected. Demons like those had to be summoned, and they would stay close to their summoner. We eventually cleared the area and made it back to our horses. Not long afterward, Kiyo-still as a fox-and Volusian joined us. I glanced at Kiyo with a sigh, relieved he was okay and frustrated that it would be awhile now before he could become human again. I wanted to discuss this with him. Instead, I turned to Rurik as we rode away. â€Å"What the hell was that?† â€Å"Fire demons,† he replied. â€Å"I know that! What were they doing here?† â€Å"They were summoned.† He frowned. â€Å"Which is unexpected for ruffians like that. Someone who can wield that sort of magic would have no need to live that kind of life.† My adrenaline-charged heart rate had slowed down, allowing me to get a good look at our group now. We'd managed to cart off two prisoners-a few of the others had been freed by their friends in the demon chaos-which meant we could do some questioning later. For now, they weren't my chief concern. The guards were. Many of them were burned and wounded, though none as badly as the guy I'd saved. Some of the injured rode on their own; others required help. â€Å"They need healers,† I told Rurik anxiously. He was singed and cut but had emerged unscathed for the most part. It had taken almost an hour to get to the spot we had tethered the horses, and I didn't want the injured waiting that long. Rurik didn't answer right away. He annoyed me and wasn't as socially graceful as he could be, but he knew military matters and was a good strategist. At last he said, â€Å"If we veer west, we can be in Westoria in fifteen minutes.† â€Å"Westoria?† â€Å"The village we passed through yesterday.† â€Å"How is that-† I didn't finish the question. I would never understand how the Otherworld folded upon itself, how yesterday Westoria had been an hour and a half from the castle and now it was right around the corner. I also didn't understand how everyone but me seemed to always know what direction to go. Rurik assured me they'd have healers in the village, so I followed his lead. As soon as we turned, we found ourselves in the Rowan Land. Ten minutes later, we were back in the Thorn Land, and another five brought us to Westoria. â€Å"Un-fucking-believable,† I muttered. I really never would learn this land's layout. Only Kiyo the fox was close enough to hear my profanity, and I didn't know if he understood or not. Our approach was noticed just like before, and I paused before entering the village in order to say the words that would send Volusian away for now. I didn't want to terrify the townspeople more than I already did. Of course, when we'd left last time, their terror had been replaced by hope and faith. Today, once we told our tale, that optimism faded to disappointment and fear of a different kind-fear that their queen couldn't defend them. If they couldn't look to their wonderful new monarch for protection, what hope did they have? I tried to ignore those disillusioned faces as best I could. Otherwise, I thought I might snap back that fire demons were hardly an everyday occurrence for a king or queen. I doubted Dorian or Maiwenn would have done much better. Instead, I directed my attention to those who had fought for me and been injured for it. The burned man was still alive but in very bad shape. Davros, the mayor, assured me they had a healer who could bring the guard back to a stable condition. The healing took awhile, so I accepted Davros' invitation to sit and have a drink in his home once again. They'd already gotten my well up and working, and he seemed very pleased to be able to offer me water. â€Å"There were no girls there,† I told him. I sat in a plain wooden chair. Kiyo lay on the floor at my feet, his furry body pressed up to my leg. Davros snorted. â€Å"Of course not, your majesty. I told you that girl ran off. It's easier on her parents to believe otherwise. We certainly appreciate your, uh, efforts to clean out those villains, however.† I grimaced. â€Å"Yeah, well, the fire demons were kind of unexpected.† â€Å"There have been rumors for some time, your majesty, that there were some very strong fire users among them. It's part of what's made their raiding so problematic.† I widened my eyes. â€Å"Oh? That might have been useful information earlier.† He cowered at the tone in my voice. â€Å"Begging your pardon, your majesty. None of us could have imagined their power was that great.† I questioned him further on where the bandits might go now and if he'd heard any other stories about their magic users. If we faced these guys again, I didn't want any more surprises. We spoke until Rurik came to get me, telling me that most of the wounded were in traveling shape but that the severely injured man would stay behind for further recovery. There seemed no point in remaining after that, so we set out for the castle. The ride back wasn't too different from our last ride from Westoria. There was a dark mood over the group, and I was probably the worst. We'd set off counting on an easy victory and had more or less gotten our asses kicked. It was late when we finally arrived, the sun having set and cooled the weather to a comfortable eighty degrees. Time in Tucson tended to run a little later than here, which meant it was well into the night back home. So much for the date with Kiyo. That saddened me further, and I wandered out to a stretch of garden-by which I meant rocks and cacti-that extended beyond the castle. I settled down on a patch of grass that Shaya had been painstakingly trying to grow. As someone who controlled and spoke to plant life, I think this barren landscape killed her sometimes. I'd been sitting there and ruminating for about an hour when Kiyo joined me. His fox form had finally lifted. â€Å"Don't take it so hard,† he said, putting an arm around me and guessing what had me worried. â€Å"There was nothing you could have done differently.† â€Å"I suppose. I just feel bad now. Like, I still don't want this place. Not at all. But here it is, and then I feel horrible and guilty because even if I try, I can't do anything for it. I pushed the thinking off on Shaya, and then I failed at the fighting part-the one thing I can usually do. Argh.† I buried my face in my hands. â€Å"It's so confusing. I never wanted to deal with this.† Kiyo pulled me close, and I rested my head against his chest. â€Å"It's okay,† he said. â€Å"We'll get through this.† â€Å"We? You've got enough to worry about without this.† I was in one of those glum moods where everything seemed hopeless. How could he possibly have time for me with a new baby on the way? â€Å"We,† he said firmly. â€Å"And as much as I hate to say it†¦you just being here is going to help the land.† â€Å"How?† â€Å"It's tied to your life, right? You affect it, strengthen it just with your presence. It's why that meditation you do soothes it.† â€Å"Maybe. But I've been meditating for months, and there have still been droughts and famines.† â€Å"You're still helping it, whether you know it or not. Your thoughts, moods†¦it's all connected.† â€Å"Wonderful. It must be doing just great tonight then,† I muttered. In the moonlight, I saw him gesture around us. The sky was clear, and there was no breeze. There was a dry, stagnant feel to the air. It seemed unhealthy. Like you could feel the energy being sapped from everything. I sighed and lay back on the grass. â€Å"If I stay the night, will it help?† â€Å"Probably.† He lay beside me. â€Å"No Red Pepper Bistro then.† â€Å"Yeah. And I was so looking forward to their Salmonella Burrito Special. I guess there's always tomorrow.† â€Å"Mmm, well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I turned toward him. â€Å"Oh, I don't like that.† â€Å"I promised Maiwenn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He couldn't finish. â€Å"It's fine. I understand.† I did. I just didn't like it. Were we ever going to have some semblance of a normal dating life? â€Å"Oh, Eugenie.† Kiyo wrapped himself against me and brushed the hair from my face. â€Å"You're the only one. You know that, right? The only one I want in this world.† He paused. â€Å"Or any other world.† I laughed, but it was smothered when he pressed his lips to mine. There was almost never warm-up with Kiyo's passion. He always came on hungry and strong, and to my surprise, I always responded right away with equal intensity. I opened my mouth to his, feeling the thrust of his tongue and brush of his teeth against my lips. He slid a hand up my T-shirt, squeezing my breast through the thin lace of my bra. His other hand slid along my hip and down the back of my ass, shoving me closer to him, so that we were pressed hip to hip as we lay on our sides. My own hands were tangled in his hair, keeping our faces close as we kissed. Then, growing impatient, I reached down to the edge of his shirt and tugged it up over his head. It broke our kiss momentarily, but it was worth it to have the warm, wonderful skin of his chest exposed. I ran my hands over it, wanting to kiss every part of it, but he had other ideas and took off my shirt in return. I saw it land on a prickly pear when he tossed it away. His hands moved just as quickly to my jeans, and I leaned back, extending my legs straight out while he pulled them and my underwear off in one motion. I was grateful then for the grass beneath me that Shaya had grown. Gravelly sand would have been a bit harsh on bare skin. Nonetheless, he was the one I pushed down, forcing him to keep his back flat on the ground. Straddling him and still wearing my lace bra, I undid his belt and tugged his jeans and boxers halfway down, just enough to expose what I needed. I leaned over him, pressing us and our naked skin together, rubbing my hips provocatively without taking him into me. I kissed him as I did, and his hands reached around to unfasten my bra and remove the last of my clothing, leaving me completely naked. In that unforgiving heat, though, I barely noticed. He was hard underneath me, and I continued writhing my hips, taunting and teasing him more while I grew wetter. The lust in his eyes burned into me, laced with the remnants of the animal he'd been earlier. His hands were still all over my breasts, rubbing and squeezing them. Each touch sent shockwaves through my body. Occasionally, he'd draw me forward so that he could take one breast into his mouth, suckling and stroking the nipple with his tongue. As he did, I moved one of my own hands down between my thighs and began touching myself, wanting to reach my own climax before he took me-and I knew he would soon. I could see the desire and impatience all over him. Drawing sex out was not in his nature. I much preferred it when a man touched my clit-there was nothing like it in the world-but I had a feeling I'd have to literally take matters into my own hands with the way he looked tonight. Besides, I knew my body well enough to know I could get myself off pretty quickly. Not quickly enough. Kiyo's hands gripped my hips, sitting me up slightly and then roughly pulling my body down. I got my hand out of the way just as he shoved into me, penetrating with a strength I hadn't expected since I was the one on top. I tried to pull off, but his grip on me was firm as he began bucking his hips upward. â€Å"Too soon,† I said, even as my body reveled in the feel of his inside me. â€Å"Never too soon,† he growled back. I managed to shift myself away, and he slipped out of me. I grinned triumphantly, loving how I could prolong this and torment him. His erection was harder and bigger after being inside me, wet and slick from my body as my hand gripped him hard and began stroking back and forth. He groaned, arching his body up to reclaim what I'd taken away. He seized me again, this time rolling me over onto my back so that I'd now have to fight the full strength of him. â€Å"You are so sexy,† he gasped, lowering his body to mine. The rough ground scratched my skin. â€Å"All day, I just think about fucking you.† He thrust into me again, and I cried out so loudly, I wondered if someone from the castle would hear me and come running. If so, it probably wouldn't be a big deal to them. With nothing to hold him back, Kiyo gave me his full force, pumping into me and driving deeper and deeper with each thrust. I was still burning and wet from where I'd touched myself, and with each stroke, he managed to heighten that pleasure, driving me increasingly wild. The muscles in his body were strong and hard, working without rest as he moved furiously, his eyes burning into mine as he took me deeply and forcefully, letting the animal in him do what it wanted. I cried out again, exulting in the harshness mixed with ecstasy as I felt myself grow closer and closer to orgasm. I could see the clench of his jaw and tension within him as he tried to hold back. â€Å"God, I want to come†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he managed through labored breathing. â€Å"Want to come in you so badly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He was waiting, trying to hold out for me to come first. I clenched my hands against his back, digging my nails into his skin. â€Å"Do it,† I hissed. â€Å"Come in me. Now†¦let me feel it†¦.† It was all he needed to tip him over. His mouth opened in something that was half-moan and half-roar. He still managed to keep moving in and out of me, but the movements were slower, more punctuated as he came and his body found release. At last, he shuddered and pulled out, only to then collapse on top of me. I wrapped my arms around him. Even without an orgasm, my body felt renewed and alive, burning with pleasure at the intensity of what we had just put our bodies through. He rested his head on my chest, and I continued holding him, neither of us saying a word. At some point, I drifted to sleep like that, only to be woken up about an hour later. It took me a moment to figure out what had happened, until I felt a wet drop hit my face. Then another. Then another. I squirmed and sat up, wiping water out of my eyes. â€Å"What's wrong?† murmured Kiyo drowsily, stirring slightly. I looked up into the sky, scattered with both stars and much-needed clouds. â€Å"It's raining.†

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Impact of External Environment to Business in China Essay

Introduction Nowadays, China is experiencing a rapid economic growth. By following the end of the eleventh National People’s Congress of People’s Republic of China recently, China is emphasizing to develop seven new strategic industries with the release of the Twelfth Five-Year Program. As China is achieving a low carbon economy, thus one of the new strategic industry, new energy is essential to the success of achieving the goal. Biomass energy is one of the new energy which generates electricity and biodiesel by burning agricultural straw, fruit, wood and animals waste (1). The following will be the analysis of Macro-environments for the China Light and Power Company Limited to enter the China market, and suggestions will be given at the end of the analysis. Company Background Champway Technology Limited is the only company who possesses an ‘Environmental Permit’ to recycle waste cooking oil in Hong Kong. Its primary objective is to recycle all local waste cooking oil and organic oil and grease into biodiesel. It contribute to save the environment by aiming at recycling all waste cooking oil in Hong Kong and stem the trend of re-using waste oil on the dinner table. It also committed to produce high quality biodiesel which is a clean and efficient fuel by using the collected waste oil (2). Macro-environment As China is a highly distinctive market, once foreign-invested enterprises want to enter the China market, there must be difficulties to be faced. However, there are still some favorable factors while they are entering such market, and they will be analyzed as follows. There are four macro-environments for Champway to enter the China market. Firstly, the Champway may benefit from the political and legal environment of China. During the release of the seven new strategic industries in the Twelfth Five-Year Program, the central government has put so much emphasis on the development of new energy, especially the development of biomass energy (3). Also, the State Forestry Administration has decided to reserve two hundred million acreage of forest land, for cultivating the plants that specifically for the extraction of biodiesel (4). As a result, the operation of Champway in China can benefit from the strong support and back up by the central government when entering the China marketing with biomass energy. Secondly, the Champway may benefit from the economic environment of China. As mentioned, China is experiencing a rapid economic growth with a GPD growth of 10.3 percent in January of 2011 (5). At the same time, Renminbi keeps appreciating against US dollar and Hong Kong dollar (6). As a result, the Champway may benefit from appreciating Renminbi, since Champway is operating business and selling energy for Renminbi in China. So the actual value of the profit gained is also appreciating. Moreover, refer to a speech of the Labor Department, the number of people seeking unemployment benefits rose by 26,000 to a seasonally adjusted 397,000 recently (7). This implies that the unemployment rate in China is rising. Thus Champway can also benefit from this circumstance as it can hire sufficient work people for their operation in China. Thirdly, the Champway may benefit from the social environment of China. As people in mainland China become more educated and more environmental conscious (8). They are more likely to support products with environmental friendly features like biodiesel. As a result, the Champway may catch this opportunity to market biodiesel and benefit from the increasing demand for biodiesel. Fourthly, the Champway may benefit from the ecological environment. China is rich in raw materials. However, most of them are not explicated yet (9). With a great depletion of raw material, it is insufficient to support the energy consumption of about 1.3 billion population. As a result, biodiesel is acting as a perfect substitute of raw materials like petroleum. So Champway may take the chance to market biodiesel and benefit from the great demand it. Difficulty As mentioned, there must be some difficulties when entering such distinctive market. So here is the discussion of those difficulties. There are four difficulties to be faced when the Champway is entering the China market. Firstly, the Champway has to face an unfavorable political and legal factor. As the central government is deciding to even the income distribution in China, a new labor protection policy of minimum wage will be established (10). This policy will increase the wage level of workers. As a result, it is unfavorable to Champway, since Champway has to hire a great number of workers for building and operating the facilities of energy generation in China, and the increased wage level of workers may leads to an increase in the operation cost. So it is more difficult for Champway to survive in this sector. Secondly, the Champway has to face an unfavorable economic factor. As the increasing popularity of biomass energy in China, agricultural product will become more valuable, since agricultural product is one of the inputs of biomass energy generation. Also, the market price of agricultural product has increased due to the inflation. As a result, the operation cost for Champway to run the business in China increases and it may be difficult for Champway to survive with this industry in China. Thirdly, the Champway has to face an unfavorable social factor. Although the central government has emphasized to develop biomass energy, there is still no clear and definite guideline for supply of input and quality standard (11). Also, there is an unethical business culture exists in the China society due to the lack of well education. As a result, there is a disorder in the biodiesel market. People are pretending the original biodiesel with a fake one (11). This phenomenon may create an unhealthy image for the industry and the industry will be negatively affected. Fourthly, the Champway has to face an unfavorable ecological factor. China is one of the most suffered countries in terms of natural disaster. According to the statistical figure from the United Nations, in the year 2008, China has the world greatest loss of 110 billion due to natural disasters, which is 60 % of the loss of the whole world (12). So there is a frequent lost of agriculture exists. As a result, there will be an unstable supply of input for the biomass energy generation, and the company may unable to survive in China market with this industry. Suggestion After the discussion of the unfavorable factors for Champway to enter the China market, some suggestions will be given to overcome the difficulties as follows. Here are three suggestions that Champway can apply to overcome those difficulties. Firstly, in order to overcome the unfavorable minimum wage and increasing market price of agricultural product, Champway is recommended to enter the China market through equity joint venture with a greatly financed or a state-owned biomass energy company like the Everbright International (13). So that it can spread and share the costs and risks with its partner. As a result, the difficulty of high operation cost can be overcome. Secondly, in order to overcome the unfavorable counterfeit, Champway is recommended to deal with the problem with a well designed distribution and place of the biodiesel. The company can develop and sell its original biodiesel through biodiesel filling station or biodiesel specialty store. So that people can easily recognize the genuine one and avoid buying the fake. This action can improve the company image by building confidence for customer to consume our product. Thirdly, in order to overcome the unfavorable unstable supply of biomass. Champway is recommended to deal with the problem with the use of multiple suppliers from different region in China. Since China is a huge land, natural disasters often occur only in a particular area. So by using multiple suppliers from different region, the company can immediately seek for supplies from other suppliers in other region, when some of them are unable to supply the company due to natural disaster. Conclusion To concluded that, Champway can benefit from four macro-environments when entering the China market. They are political-legal environment, which is the support and back up by the central government; economic environment, which is the appreciation of Renminbi and the large supply of labor; social environment, which is the increasing environmental consciousness; and ecological environment, which is the great depletion of raw material and the great demand for substitutes. However, Champway has to face four difficulties too. They are the minimum wage, the increasing market price of agricultural product, the counterfeit biodiesel and the unstable supply of biomass due to natural disasters. In order to overcome the four difficulties, three suggestions are given as the solution. They are the use of joint venture, the development of biodiesel filling station and biodiesel specialty store, and the use of multiple suppliers from different region.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Applied Business Project International Business Coursework

Applied Business Project International Business - Coursework Example Moreover, the company even develops software products and ensures their customers of the availability of parts and accessories for their computing needs. HP even gives support and consulting services, the cloud computing which is a revolutionary way of saving data as well as business and IT outsourcing (HP Website, HP Products and Services 2011). The company has indeed come a long way from the humble beginnings of the HP founders. Now, almost every office in the world has HP products. The brand has been a worldwide name and its products and services continue to help shape businesses and even lives all over. Also, the HP way has been scattered across many countries not just in the Americas but across Europe, the Middle East and even across Asia Pacific (for the complete list see Appendix 1). However, the company also experiences many challenges. Moreover, with the advent of globalization, there has been increasing pressure both in and out of the organisation. This is expected though s ince there will be many more competitors in the global arena much more the diverse customer base that companies operating globally have to satisfy. As aptly reported in the 2010 annual report of the company, HP products are sold globally and their services are exposed internationally. Hence, the company’s thrust is fuelled by a diverse global network of business and technical experts that powers the operations of the company and makes the global presence of HP formidable. Hence, it is important that the company is able to manage their diverse global workforce. The cultures of different countries play greatly into the capability of the company and the employees to work harmoniously with each other. It is therefore... It would be a waste of time for HP to set up business to set up shop in some dirt poor country that is void of infrastructure that will necessitate the utilization of the products. Any company would avoid countries with political conflicts which bring about the second advantage which is the political advantage. Countries that are boasting of good governance and respectable taxing institutions are usually the places to go that attracts foreign business strongly. Finally, there is the social and cultural advantage wherein the culture plays a crucial role.HP is not merely an employer but a seller and buyer as well and the company ought to be able to fit into the prevailing trends in their target country to ensure the sustainability of their business. It is important that the company takes into account the internalization advantage that they may utilize wherein they can opt to use different forms of strategies to get into their target markets. HP has many subsidiaries in different countr ies and they ensure that the company's strategies are aptly calibrated to the preferences of the host countries. The company ought to continue their innovative nature. The HP way has provided the company with the ways and means to do so but as Robinson and Chiang puts it, all companies whether they are neophytes or are already established must be able to ensure that their products are continuously patronized by their markets as well as the inherent need especially in the technology sector to anticipate these demands.

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Postpartum Depression and Treatment Implications Essay

Postpartum Depression and Treatment Implications - Essay Example The topic of postpartum depression has gotten much more attention in recent years due to mass media and violent incidents between mothers and their new infants. The most famous public feud on the subject was between Tom Cruise and Brooke Shields. Cruise spoke about Shields: Cruise speaks of his disappointment to learn Shields used Paxil to fight post-natal depression following the birth of her daughter Rowan†¦Cruise, who claims to have helped people fight drug addictions through his controversial Scientology religion, says the Suddenly Susan actress should have used vitamins to help her feelings of despair. Many hold the idea that postpartum depression is just the baby blues. Since the majority of the population feels that women only have baby blues and need to take vitamins, not have a real medical treatment, many women do not get the help needed to prevent tragedy. The solution for the postpartum depression misconception problem is an education for everyone involved in a pregnant woman‘s life and the pregnant woman. Tom Cruise came out to Billy Bush on the TV show Access Hollywood about his views on postpartum depression (WENN.com). Since Tom Cruise practices Scientology, he does not believe in psychoanalyst or anti-depressants, mood stabilizers, or other medication to control moods. In the interview, Tom Cruise expressed: "These drugs are dangerous. I have actually helped people come off. ‘When you talk about postpartum, you can take people today, women, and what you do is you use vitamins. There is a hormonal thing that is going on, scientifically, you can prove that. But when you talk about emotional, chemical imbalances in people, there is no science behind that‘. (WENN.com 2005)

Patient Teaching Information handout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Patient Teaching Information handout - Essay Example The changes that affect bowel movement result in discomfort and other abnormalities that are identified as symptoms. These also offer a basis for understanding IBS and its diagnosis. According to Anderson, Keller, Pehl, Schemann, Preiss, and Layer, existence of three conditions defines the disorder and guides its diagnosis. The authors explain that existence of IBS is a consequence of three factors. The patient must have reported chronic symptoms that a physician associates with the gut and that result in abnormal bowel characteristics. The symptoms must further be significant to compel a patient to seek medical attention or to cause the patient to worry and must have adverse effects on the patient’s quality of life. Further, it must be established that the reported symptoms are not associated with any other health complication. The authors identifies â€Å"diarrhea,† â€Å"constipation,† â€Å"pain,† â€Å"bloating, and distension,† as the major sy mptoms towards diagnosis, though many other complications may initiate the symptoms (Anderson, et. Al., 2011, p. 755). A consideration of abdominal pain that ceases upon defecation or changes with bowel movements together with at least any two of the following symptoms further supports existence of irritable bowel syndrome. The symptoms are changes in tool passage, â€Å"abdominal bloating,† deterioration of symptoms after meals, and â€Å"passage of mucus† (National Institute for Health and Clinical Experience, 2008, p. 12). Existence of these basic symptoms strongly suggests presence of the bowel disorder and tests are likely to confirm diagnosis. Reliance of the symptoms alone is enhanced by evaluation of â€Å"red flags,† a term that refers to those factors that indicate existence of a secondary complication to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Unexplained loss of weight that exceeds seven pounds, problems with swallowing, blood spots in the stool, abnormal stool th at may be â€Å"pale, very smelly, and difficult to flush away† are of the symptoms that may indicate existence of secondary complications (Talley, 2006, p. 26). Other indicators of secondary complications are â€Å"repeated vomiting, fever,† late onset of the symptoms and require tests for accurate diagnosis of IBS (Talley, 2006, p. 26). Genetic susceptibility to cancer, disturbed sleep because of symptoms and severe diarrhea are other indicators of secondary complications (Talley, 2006). The red flags could results from such complications as â€Å"chronic infectious enterocotilis,† â€Å"Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease,† â€Å"gastrointestinal tumors, mesenteric ischemia, porphyria, endometriosis, and ovarian tumor† (Anderson, et. al., 2011, p. 753, 754). Clinical tests such as full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, c-reactive protein and antibody testing for celiac disease are conducted to eliminate possibil ity of these complications (National Institute for Health and Clinical Experience, 2008, p. 11). Is the tests are negative for their respective complications then this confirms diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a patient. There is no cure for the disorder but treatment strategies exist for managing the symptoms. Eating behavior is one of the treatment methods and involves application

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Harlequin Enterprises case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Harlequin Enterprises case - Essay Example This is because; the firm has faithful fans all around the world. From the statistics and history of the sales, it is evident that due to the tactics that the management used to market their writers, many fans would still buy any book that the company publishes. The strong loyalty that the company enjoys from its audience is enough to put the company back to the top as the leading romance publisher in the world. A successful launch of new titles would need tactics that the enterprise exploited in the past. Since the beginning of the enterprise, it exploited ideas that dealt with the situation at hand. The marketing methods reflected the customer needs, making the firm stay ahead of other publishing competitors. Another key method is changing the titles to match the interest of the audience at the time of publishing. The management moved from producing series to single titles when the need, was necessary (Ivey). This enabled them remain relevant to the audience no matter what direction the customer interest changed to. For good management to succeed, the managers need to be flexible and change according to the requirements of the

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Crime prevention project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime prevention project - Essay Example The crime rate in the world has increased considerably over the years at a remarkable rate. To overcome this matter and to cope up with this increasing crime rate and to ensure a better standard and quality of life many crime prevention strategies have been initiated. These crime prevention programs have been formulated so as to finish all sorts of crime from grass root level whatever they may be. The need for such crime prevention programs has been since long but work on these programs just began about two decades ago.These programs only started when people started to realize that arrest and punishment was not the only way out of crimes because punishment can only be awarded when a person has already committed a crime. To cut off the roots of crime it is essential to stop the crime from being committed and this is what exactly the motive of these programs is.One such crime prevention program is crime prevention through environmental design also known as the CPTED. This program is ai med not only to decrease crime but also to fill up all the loopholes which may lead to any crime that is making the chances for a crime to be committed almost negative. Its objective is to keep a check on all the different aspects which can lead to a crime and to check on for any suspicious behavior. The CPTED involves people from all those fields who play a role in the designing of an environment. The reason behind this is that these people can change the outlook of an environment and create an atmosphere where no wrong can be committed. This group of people includes engineers, architects, law enforcement personnel, people of the environment who may voluntarily wish to give support for the prevention of crime as well as interior designers (Angel 1968). The different approaches which have been taken up by the CPTED are natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, natural access control and target hardening. The natural surveillance technique provides for methods that help keep a proper eye on everything that goes around. It suggests upon developing proper lighting everywhere and especially on those points which are sensitive for instance around ATMs and sidewalks. The windows should be designed in a manner so that they face the sidewalks so that everyone who is leaving and coming can be kept an eye upon. Closed circuit television that is CCTV's should be installed for better security (Atlas 2008). The natural access control again provides for measures of protection. It stresses upon keeping everything under security. Heavy bolts for residential doors, single entrances so that proper eye can be kept and residential designs with no access to roofs from outside as well as placing thorny bushes with low windows are recommendations of the natural access control. The natural territorial reinforcement lays stress upon properly indicating private semi-private and public areas. This tends to provide for better looking after opportunities. It also suggests that tree s should be planted in residential areas and eats and benches should be created at most of the locations so that people can have proper access and thus creating public spots. This would lead to increased surveillance. Target hardening focuses upon all the entry and exit points of the areas and urges for tight security at these points (Perth, 2006). CPTED is influenced by the different kinds of behaviors shown by different individuals. CPTED has been implemented specifically to change these behavior exhibited by different individuals through its scheme of designing the environment. The way in which the environment is designed through CPTED discourages the prime wrong doers from committing any unlawful action. However researchers have criticized the functioning of this program. They have termed it as a program which emphasizes on the physical aspects rather than the prevention of criminal activities. Further research shows that CPTED has not directly affected the wrong doers. It has not directly prevented them from committing such

Monday, September 23, 2019

Law of property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of property - Essay Example For instance, Section 1 of the law identifies legal estates and equitable interests, while section 37 of the law identifies the rights of a husband and wife in regard to acquisition of properties (Clarke and Kohler, 2005). This paper focuses on analyzing the right of ownership of a real property, between cohabiting couples. On this basis, it is important to distinguish between real property and personal property. The following are the differences that exists between real and personal properties (Ferguson, Buck and Wright, 2004) , Real estate properties can be owned in a limited capacity, while there is no way an individual can own a personal property in a limited capacity. Upon the death of the owner of real property, the next owner is the heir of the property. In regard to personal property, the statute of distribution guards the manner in which property passes on to another individual. In entering a contract that involves real property, it must be in writing. This is because these contracts are governed by section 29 of the Statute of Frauds. Contracts involving personal property do not need to be in writing. Parties to the contract will only write the contractual agreement if the case falls under section 17 of the Statute of Frauds. Some provisions of the Mortmain act govern the transfer of real property, for purposes of protecting immediate family members from disinheritance. However, the Mortmain act does not regulate any activities of personal property, only if Chattels are involved. It is not a requirement to register mortgages under real property; however, mortgages under personal property must be registered. Basing on this background, there is extensive argument in the United Kingdom on the relevance of various property laws in the country that protects cohabiting couples. For instance on January 23RD, Lord Justice Toulson allowed Pamela Curran to appeal a decision by a county court in 2010 of stripping her rights of sharing the properties she accumula ted with Brian Collins. According to the judge, the property laws that regulate the sharing of properties by cohabiting couples in the United Kingdom were unfair to cohabiting couples (Ward, 2013). According to this case, Miss Curran had a relationship with Brian Collins from 1970s, to 2010 when the relationship came to an end. Miss Curran worked together with Brian in his business, and they lived together in his home. However, after the relationship ended, Mr. Collins threw her out of his house, leaving her penniless. However, Lord Judge Toulson denoted that the county court just applied the law (Ward, 2013). In 2007, the Law Commission in England made a recommendation for the government to change the cohabiting laws in England, so that couples cohabiting will have the same status as married couples. According to the commission, the government should create laws that provide for financial relief to cohabiting couples when they separate. According to the commission, these laws shoul d reflect the contributions of the couples in the relationship (Halsbury, 2011). They further recommend that the couples, who should benefit from the laws, are those who have lived together for a minimum period of time, and have children together. According to their recommendations, couples might gain relief from these laws, if they have a written agreement on how they will share their properties once they separate (Toler, 2012). In 2008, the government of UK said it had no intention of

Sunday, September 22, 2019

The challenge for a self regulatory organization arbitrator Essay Example for Free

The challenge for a self regulatory organization arbitrator Essay An effective arbitration system requires competent, impartial and just arbitrators who will discharge their duties with great care. It is essential for arbitrators to realize that the disputing parties consider them to be akin to judges and that their power in some respects exceeds that of the judges in the sense that with the exception of a few causes, their decisions cannot be reversed. Arbitrators should not only be impartial but they should also appear to be so. â€Å"In arbitration, even more than in court, not only must justice be done, but justice must also be seen to be done . † Ethical Responsibilities. Sometimes, the arbitrator’s position in respect of a dispute could lead to a conflict of interests. Whenever such an event occurs, the arbitrator has to appraise the Director of Arbitration in this regard or in the alternative the arbitrator may decline to sit on the arbitration panel. The reason for such stringency is that arbitrators, in the course of their work, decide on issues that are of immense importance to the disputing parties, who must at all times be assured that their dispute has been accorded the fairest hearing possible and that justice to the fullest extent possible has been rendered. Independence and Impartiality The concept of independence and impartiality occupies a central place in civil justice and both the Online Dispute Resolution or ODR service provider as well as the individual arbitrator must not only be independent and impartial but must also appear to be so. Further, they should not have any vested interests. Moreover, it should be necessary for individual arbitrators and mediators to strictly adhere to a code of professional ethics. Such a code of professional ethics should ensure that arbitrators and mediators reveal personal interests in the dispute. Further, it should ensure that the arbitrators and mediators avoid conflicts of interest. The extent of the job security and remuneration of third parties should be adequate to ensure neutrality. The ODR user should be granted access to information in respect of the compliance of the arbitrators and mediators with these requirements. Moreover, third party arbitrators and mediators should be allocated on a strictly random basis and no single party should be permitted to select a particular arbitrator or mediator . It is important to note that the rules of international arbitration require the arbitrators to be invariably impartial in their reasoning. Further, these arbitrators have to be independent of the parties involved in the arbitration. The rules however do not specify this applicability in practice and in this respect, Article 7 of the American Arbitration Association’s International Rules allows this impartiality to vary if the parties involved have agreed to so. This Article 7 states that â€Å"Unless the parties agree otherwise, arbitrators acting under these rules shall be impartial and independent. † In an inflexible manner, the ICC Rules provide that â€Å"every arbitrator appointed or confirmed by the Court must be and remain independent of the parties involved in the arbitration† and that they shall make disclosures accordingly . The London Court of International Arbitration makes it mandatory that arbitrators â€Å"be and remain at all times wholly independent and impartial, and shall not act as advocates for any party† . The UCITRAL states that â€Å"Any arbitrator may be challenged if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence† . The process of arbitration entails an impartial, independent third party that considers the statements of the disputing parties prior to resolving the dispute by issuing a decision that is binding on all the parties involved in the dispute. This process is utilized in a wide range of disputes. Arbitrators are required to have better knowledge and better focussed expertise on the subject matter in comparison to the ordinary judges or jurors. Moreover, they should deal with the disputed matter with greater efficiency and logic. Due to these requirements, arbitral firms generally maintain information about prospective arbitrators and such information includes the specialised expertise of these arbitrators. However, in cases involving intellectual property, technical know-how though helpful may not always be desirable. Disputes arising out of contractual terms could differ and arbitrators having legal knowledge invariably have greater expertise than arbitrators without such knowledge. This explains the reason why parties always prefer a lawyer to be their arbitrator. In intellectual property matters the chances of a non legal person becoming an arbitrator are remote . In general, arbitration is characterized by parties who consent to use the process, privacy, the determination of the outcome by a third party, a legally binding and absolute process and the existence of narrow grounds on the basis of which an appeal can be made. Such hearings are usually less formal than court hearings and some forms of arbitration are conducted solely on the basis of documents and do not involve hearings . In A. S. M Shipping v. T. T. M. I it was held that in accordance with the precedent set by the European Court of Justice, the English law required the determiner of a bias to be fair minded and knowledgeable. In the case of Porter v. Magill the court created a test whereby it could be ascertained whether a fair minded, informed observer, â€Å"having considered the facts, would conclude that there was a real possibility that the Tribunal was biased. Trade Arbitrations, like the London Maritime Arbitrators Association of the LMAA, the Grain And Feed Trade Association or GAFTA, the Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Association or FOSFA, the London Metal Exchange or the LME, etc, constitute a major characteristic of London arbitration. A sizable amount of the world’s shipping and commodities trading utilize contract forms that specify London as the venue for trade arbitrations. The persons who are members of these arbitral bodies are required to possess widespread experience in the trade and at times they have to be active traders. Accordingly, in Rustal Trading Ltd v Gill Duffus SA one of the consultants of Rustal was being censured for his commercial character. The facts were that previously, one of the arbitrators had been embroiled in trade arbitration against him. While setting aside the challenge to this arbitrator, Moore-Bick J held that it could fairly be assumed that one of the reasons why the parties have agreed to trade arbitration is that they wish to have their dispute decided by people who are themselves active traders and so have direct knowledge of how the trade works. However, if the arbitrators themselves are to be active traders there is every likelihood that at least one member of the tribunal will at some time have had commercial dealings with one or both parties to the dispute. That is something which the parties must be taken to have had in mind . Conclusion The past two to three decades have been witness to the fact that disputes in international business have been resolved by international commercial arbitration. The success of this system is reflected in the resolution of important disputes that had their origin in the nationalization of oil concessions in the 1970s and 1980s, mammoth international construction projects such as the subterranean tunnel under the English Channel and crises brought about by incidents like â€Å"the French sinking of the Rainbow Warrior on its green peace mission. † Moreover, its success has been proved by the tremendous growth â€Å"in the number of arbitration centers, arbitrators and arbitrations . † The world of business has been subjected to tremendous growth with the result that it has become imperative to have in place a reliable and competent business disputes resolution mechanism. In general, businesses are partial to settling their differences in a manner that does not create animosity with the resultant hampering of their business relationship. Thus, arbitration, which entails rapid, pragmatic and efficient dispute resolution, is uniquely suited to such an endeavour. The process of arbitration differs from the usual judicial process as it is carried out by neutral arbitrators who are chosen by the disputing parties. Arbitration involves either one or three arbitrators and the particulars of the arbitration, like organization, arrangement, location and extent are incorporated in their contract. The arbitration clause, which contains these particulars, is in general agreed upon at the time of formulating the initial contract. The process of arbitration consists of a voluntary method of settling disagreements by obtaining a concluding and obligatory verdict from an unbiased third party regarding business disputes between parties. The value of this method is immeasurable in international business transactions which involve business parties who are on several occasions ignorant of the foreign legal systems . This essay examined the role of arbitrators in international trade disputes. The requirement that arbitrators should be impartial and independent had been analyzed by resorting to the decisions in relevant cases, scholarly journals and the United Kingdom’s Government’s Websites, which revealed that in the majority of the cases these arbitrators were functioning in an impartial and independent manner. The challenges faced by arbitrators and the court’s decisions have been discussed at length. International arbitrations are beset with a host of problems that are unique to such arbitrations; this situation arises due to the fact that opinion regarding what is deemed to be acceptable commercial practice differs from country to country. Due to the proclivity of the domestic courts to adopt a more or less laissez faire attitude, international arbitrations are to a large extent self-regulatory. In general, international arbitrations entail commercial disputes in construction, international sale of goods and commodities, and shipping . From the foregoing analysis it can be concluded that in the majority of the cases international arbitrators are impartial and independent. ? Bibliography 1. Arbitrator’s Manual. Available at http://www. nasd. com/ArbitrationMediation/ResourcesforArbitratorsandMediators/GeneralInformationandReference/ArbitratorsManual/EntireDocument/index. htm 2. A. S. M Shipping v. T. T. M. (2005). EWHC 2238. 3. Bank Mellat v Helleniki Technik (1984) QB 291. 4. Bank Mellat v GAA (1988) 2 LI 44. 5. Bazerman, Max H. , Farber, Henry S. Arbitrator Decision Making: When Are Final Offers Important? Industrial Labor Relations Review. Ithaca: Oct 1985. Vol. 39, Iss. 1; pg. 76. 6. Bremer Handles GmbH v EtsSoules e Cie (1985) 2 IR119. 7. David L Dickinson. A Comparison of Conventional, Final-Offer, and Combined† Arbitration for Dispute Resolution, Industrial Labor Relations Review. Ithaca: Jan 2004. Vol. 57, Iss. 2; pg. 288 8. Dezalay, Yves and Garth, Bryant. G. Dealing in virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Constitution of a transnational†¦1996, University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 0226144224. 9. Hammond v Bradford City Council (1970) 1 WLR 937. 10. Hornle, Julia. Online Dispute Resolution in Business to Consumer E – Commerce Transactions. Available at http://www2. warwick. ac. uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2002_2/hornle/ 11. http://fdcc. digitalbay. net/documents/Lanzone-SU04. htm 12. http://www. onlinedmc. co. uk/a_s_m_shipping_v__t_t_m_i. htm 13. IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration, available at http://www.sccinstitute. com/_upload/iba_guidelines_22_may_2004. pdf 14. Icori v KFTCIC Paris Court of Appeal 28 June 1991. 15. International Arbitration. Available at http://www. osec. doc. gov/ogc/occic/arb-98. html 16. Judicial Review: A Proposed Pre – action Protocol. A Lord Chancellor’s Department Consultation Paper. 2001. Department for Constitutional Affairs. Crown Copyright. Available at http://www. dca. gov. uk/consult/judrev/judrevanna. htm#anna1 17. LCIA to publish challenge decisions, 2006, available at http://www. lcia.org/PRINT/NEWS_print. html 18. Lerma, Jose Manuel Iborra. Worldwide Forum on the Arbitration of Intellectual Property Disputes: Geneva, 1994. World Intellectual Property Organization, p. 157-158. ISBN 9280504983. 19. Porter v. Magill (2002) AC 357. 20. Rustal Trading Ltd v Gill Duffus SA (2001). 1 Lloyds Law Reports 14. 21. SA Coppee Lavalin v Ken Ren (1994) 2 WLR 631. 22. Susan T Mackenzie. Compulsory Arbitration: The Grand Experiment in Employment, Industrial Labor Relations Review. Ithaca: Jul 1999. Vol. 52, Iss. 4; p. 648.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Cell Tissue Organ System

Cell Tissue Organ System The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organism. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing and is often called the building block of life. Some organism such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell) and other organism such as human, are multicellular. Each cell can take in nutrients, convert these nutrients into energy, carry out specialized functions, and reproduce as necessary. It also stores its own set of instructions for carrying out each of these activities. All cells have a skin called the plasma membrane, protecting it from the outside environment. The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell. Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell. At the center of the cell is the cell nucleus. The cell nucleus contains the cells DNA, the genetic code that coordinates protein synthesis. In addition to the nucleus, there are many organelles inside the cell small structures that help carry out the day-to-day operations of the cell. One important cellular organelle is the ribosome. Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis. The transcription phase of protein synthesis takes places in the cell nucleus. After this step is complete, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the cells ribosomes, where translation occurs. Another important cellular organelle is the mitochondrion. Mitochondria are often referred to as power plants of the cell because may of the reactions that produce energy take place in materials. Outside the cell wall is a gelatinous capsule which has antiphagocytic function so it determines the virulence of many bacteria. It also plays a role in attachment of the organism to mucous membranes. Most cells organelles fo cellular mobility are flagella. Flagella arise from cytoplasm and extrude through the cell wall, they are long and thick thread-like appendages, protein in nature. Another outer structure of the cell are Fimbriae (pili). Fimbriae are short and thin hair like filaments and are responsible for attachment of bacteria to specific receptors oh human cell. II. DESCRIBE AND DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE CELL AND TISSUE ORGANIZATION AND SYSTEM. As the diagram shows CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM HUMAN BODY A group of cells with same structure and functions will become tissue and one to several dozen processes will be called organ and group of organ will function as a system until it join with other functional and anatomical unit of the human body or organism. There are many different types of cells in the human body. None of these cells function well on their own, they are part of the larger organism that is called human. TISSUES Cells group together in the body to form tissues a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. There are 4 primary types in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. 1) Epithelial TIssue The cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as liningd in different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue serves as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the bodys organs separate, in palce and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the bodys organ. 2) Connective Tissue Connective tissue adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligamnets, cartilage, bone, fat tissue and blood. 3) Muscle Tissue This type of tissue is a specialized tissue taht can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscle throughout your body. 4) Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue contains two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are manage by nerve tisse in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body. ORGANS An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. The skin is the largest organ in the human body and is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outer lsyer of skin. It consists of epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly packed together providing a barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world. Below the epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the dermis. Dermis contains blood vessels that nourish skin cells. It contains nerve tissue that provides feeling in the skin. The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a type of connective tissue called adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is also known as fat and helps cushion th eskin and provide protection from cold temperature. ORGAN SYSTEMS Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function. There are 10 major organ systems in the human body. 1) Skeletal System: The main role of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs. Major organs are bones, cartilages, tendons and ligaments. 2) Muscular System: The main role of the muscular sysem is to provide movemet. Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility. Muscles also control the movement of material through some organs, such as the stomach and intestines, and the heart and circulatory system. Major organs are skeletal muscles and smooth moscles throughout the body. 3) Circulatory System: The main role of this system is to transport nutrients, gases, hormones and wastes through the body. Major organs are heart, blood vessels and blood. 4) Nervous System: The main role of the system is to relay electrical signals through the body. The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc. Major organs include brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. 5) Respiratory System: The main role of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, Oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled form the body. Major organs are nose, trachea and lungs. 6) Digestive System: The main role of th esystem is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. Major organs are mouth, esophagus, stomach and large intestines. 7) Excretory System: The main role os this system is to filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. Major organs are kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. 8) Endocrine System: The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messgaes through the body. In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc. Many organs exist in the body taht secrete endocrine hormones. Among these are hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands. 9) Reproductive System: The mai role of this system is to manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female. Major organs for female are ovaries, uterus, vagina and mammary glands; for male testes, seminal vesicles and penis. 10) Lymphatic/Immune System: The main role is to destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body. The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood. Major organs are lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells, T- and B- cells. III. EXPLAIN TISSUE STIMULUS, ELECTRICAL FUNCTION AND BALANCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN CELLS AND SYSTEM. Neurons are the structural units of the nervous system that carry out the functions of the systems by conducting impulses. They are highly specialized and amitotic, which means that if a neuron is destroyed it cannot be replaced. Functionally, neurons are classified as afferent, efferent, or association neurons, according to the direction in which they transmit impulses relative to the central nervous system. Each neuron has three basic parts: Cell body, which is similar to other type of cells One or more dendrite, which transit impulses to the cell body A single axon, which transmits impulses away from the cell body

Friday, September 20, 2019

Examining four principles of Record Keeping

Examining four principles of Record Keeping In 2009 the Nursing and Midwifery Council (known as the NMC) issued revised guidelines entitled: Record Keeping: Guidance for Nurses and Midwifes (2009). According to this guideline, suitable quality records means information needs to be legible; timely; relevant; consistent; accessible, objective; factual and complete. This guideline states that Good record keeping is an integral part of nursing and midwifery practise, and is essential to the provision of safe and effective care. (NMC 2009). This essay will consider four of the principles from the NMC Record Keeping: Guidance and Midwifes (2009). Further, based on these four principles, this essay will focus on the impact on record keeping in a patients care plan and will then go on to consider how good record keeping is maintained in relation to a patients care plan. References will be provided in support of the points made in this essay and will also be relative to what the writer has observed in practise placements. Finally, conc lusions will be drawn which summarises the points relating to this essay and will consider the evidence to draw on its conclusion. The first point selected is point one which states that Handwriting should be legible (NMC 2009). Sokol D and Hettige S (2006) citing Gakhar H, Sawant N, Pozo J. Audit of the legibility of operation notes. In: Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Audit Symposium 2005. Edinburgh: RCS Ed, 2005 state that three surgeons audited the legibility of 40 randomly selected operative notes from an orthopaedic ward in a large British hospital. Two nurses, two physiotherapists and two medical house officers were asked to rate the legibility of the notes as excellent, good, fair, or poor. Only 24% were rated excellent or good and 37% were deemed poor. This research suggests a very high percentage is the result of illegible handwriting, which in turn could suggest that care could be impacted on in over a third of the patients. McGeehan R (2007) citing Griffith (2004) suggests that the standard of handwriting is also part of a nurses duty of care towards patients. If harm befalls a patient because colleagues were not able to read a nurses handwriting, then they may be accused of liability in negligence. It should be remembered that legibility includes the signature of the person making the entry. McGeehan R (2007) citing Griffith (2004). The writer of this essay, while on placement, discovered illegible handwriting in the early years of a chronology which formed part of a patients record. This led the writer to seek clarification of what was stated, some words could not be read and the original signatory had left many years ago, this was but one negative impact of illegible handwriting and fortunately in this case the entries where dated a few years back but could have lead to problems at the time. Illegible handwriting on a care plan can appear to be inaccurate and these inaccuracies can lead to delays in carrying out the provision of care according to the care plan along with contributing to errors. Other impacts are that medication could be issued incorrectly, people can make incorrect assumption, incorrect care could be implemented and patients could become confused and agitated by not being able to read their care plan. Mistakes made due to illegible handwriting can have financial and legal issues also. If a case goes to court then the first things looked at are the records, if handwriting is illegible then the writer and their professionalism can be discredited from the onset. Culley F( 2001) suggests that Once a habit, it becomes second nature to write good, copious records. Nursing Residential Care, August 2001, Vol 3, No 8 citing Chapman N (1997) A coroners view on the keeping of medical records. Health Care Risk Report April: 1 This suggests a positive impacts of good record keeping in a patients care plan, if consistent it becomes second nature and becomes a model to others. A good example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement when their mentor was demonstrating how they filled in some sections, they could demonstra te that they always filled in the details the same way consistently, it had become that second nature to do it right. The aim of good record keeping is to ensure that colleagues have the information from the records to know what care and treatment has taken place, what is currently taking place and the future care Dimond B (2005). A care plan should be legible for colleagues and the patient to be allowed to extract this information easily and this cannot be done if not legible. Good legible handwriting should show a nurses professionalism, people should be able to clearly read what is written, by whom and when and the care plan should appear accurate as a result in turn improving the care of the patient. In order for legible handwriting to be maintained in a care plan, a consistency should be shown. Good examples of care plans should allow for legibility, an index of signatures at the beginning of each care plan including name, position and your signature. If unsure about what any h andwriting says a nurse should always seek clarity. Highlight any poor handwriting or potential error due to illegible writing. The patient should feel comfortable discussing illegible handwriting and nurses should encourage feedback without repercussions. Highlight any signatures that are not on the index. Double check anything you are unsure about in a patients care plan. Regular audit is essential to identify errors in record keeping and to maintain reasonable standards Dimond B (2005) This suggests that an audits should be carried out and that they can identify at an earlier stage any trend of poor record keeping and action accordingly. The second point selected is point five which states that records should be factual and not include unnecessary abbreviations, jargon, meaningless phrases or irrelevant speculation. (NMC 2009). Care plans are used not only to communicate with and work with the patients but to also allow staff to communicate efficiently and record the care that has been carried out. It is therefore important to use simple clear, factual and relevant information while recording information in a way that everyone understands. Providing safe and high-quality patient care is dependent upon effective communication between health care professionals, patients, and patients families. Schyve P M J Gen Intern Med. 2007 November; 22(Suppl 2): 360-361. Published online 2007 October 24. doi: 10.1007/s11606-007-0365-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078554/ accessed 14th Jan 2010. Information included in the care plan should be based on the facts involved, examples being, what was actually seen, what actually happened. The difference in fact from a nurses opinion should be clear and distinguished when information is recorded in a care plan. Many patients will not understand nurse jargon, abbreviation or technical information written in their care plan. Griffith R (2007) states that the temptation to use jargon and abbreviations as a form of professional shorthand is compelling for busy health professionals. The risk of miscommunication increases dramatically by using this shorthand. Griffith R Nurse Prescribing 2007 Vol 5 No 8 http://www.internurse.com.ezproxy.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=27147;article=NP_5_8_363_366 Accessed 19/01/10. The impact of this is that it is not patient centred care and contravenes the NMC code which states that You must share with people, in a way they understand, the information they want or need to know about their health NMC (2007). One nurses abbreviations may differ from another and abbreviations should be avoided where possible but if necessary an index of abbreviations should be supplied to the patient and form part of their care plan. A poor example of this was wi tnessed by the write of this essay recently on placement when NHS 24 sent a contact sheet to the placement to attend a patient; the contact sheet was full of abbreviations with no index included as a student nurse the writer was unaware of what some of these meant and had to ask for assistance. A patient requesting to see their notes would also suffer the same problem. Wood C (2003) states that to write full descriptions would impact on the time taken to enter records. However, he also highlights the dangers where abbreviations could mean different things to patients and staff. This examines the argument that nurses dont have time to complete accurate records but prompts that an agreed list, which should be audited on a regular basis be attached to the care plan. A factual care plan that is written in a relevant and easily understood manner that promotes clear communication should be maintained. This then should allow others especially the patient, to pick up at any point and be able to follow their care plan. The third point selected is point thirteen which states that the language that you use should be easily understood by the people in your care. NMC (2009). Each patient is unique when it comes to language that they can understand; they each have their own level of communication and understanding. Cully F (2001) Suggests that in providing sufficient information to allow patients to make informed decisions is an essential component of the duty of care, and it supports the ethical principles of individuality. This information needs to be provided in a patients care plan in such a manner that there leaves no doubt to the patient. Dougherty L and Lister S (2008) Page 23 comment that care plans should be written wherever possible with the involvement of the patient, in terms that they can understand including relevant core care plans that are individualised, signed, dated and timed This suggests that writing the care plan with the patient allows them to gain the information that they may require about their condition and the treatment options in a manner that allows the patient to understand the language used, on a level that meets their communication needs. An excellent example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement. It involved their mentor sitting with a new resident and creating their care plan from the beginning, several times the resident requested what something meant and the mentor explained clearly and rewrote section of the care plan to accommodate the residents understanding. Ambiguity may also be an issue that impacts on a patients care plan, statements may be interpreted dif ferently Dimond B (2002). She suggests that examples like had a good day may mean several things to a patient for instance, they may have slept all day or may have been awake all day. These types of generic statements do not provide the patient with the information they need. The writer of this essay witnessed statements like settled morning and slept well on a recent placement; again these are general terms which should be avoided. A Care plan written with the patient should also have clear and concise instruction, this should be as specific as possible allowing the patient to also be involved in a clear manner, colleagues and other professions may be aware of what a statement may mean but the patient may not. You should also write your instructions according to who they are intended for. For example, writing in the care plan to observe for signs of inflammation regarding a wound is not specific enough, as not everyone will know what these signs are. Ideally, you should write: such as increased pain, swelling, redness and heat. Wright K (2005) . In maintaining clear language the patients wellbeing is vital and if the patient is informed and understands what is written in their care plan then that contributes to their wellbeing. Language in a care plan should be clear and unambiguous and audits should be carried out regularly. Audits are a good method of improving and sustaining a high standard of record keeping. The Audit Commission (2002), in a review of health records, found that subjecting records to audit cuts down dramatically on errors and poor standards. Griffith R (2004) British Journal of Community Nursing, 2004, Vol 9, No 3. The fourth and final point selected is point two which states that all entries to records should be signed. In the case of written records, the persons name and job title should be printed alongside the first entry. NMC (2009). Signatures are very important as a nurse has a duty to carry out the care plan and subsequently apply their signature, this helps to give evidence of their involvement and to demonstrate that their duty of care has been carried out. Griffith R (2004) suggests that care plans require to be detailed thoroughly and be sufficient enough to exhibit that anyone responsible for recording entries in the care plan has discharged their duty of care. This highlights that as a nurse discharges their duty they are signing and accountable for the actions and information entered into the care plan. This not only impacts on other professions awareness of acknowledged detail in the care plan but also allows the patient to see that their care plan is being carried out. Dimond B (2005) suggests that it is essential that an author of an entry in a health record is clearly and easily identifiable. An example of this being important would be to contact the signatory to discuss the patient or the care in their care plan. Griffith R (2004) British Journal of Community Nursing, 2004, Vol 9, No 3. This leads to the importance of also ensuring that the nurses name and title is printed on their first entry of each page, which allows the patient and other professions to not have to constantly flick through the care plan to identify the signatory. There are many instances of poor practise when coming to signing an entry, in a case highlighted in the NMC Fitness to Practise Annual Report 2004 -2005 regarding a nurse working on the morning shift who had received a hand-over from the respondent nurse after night duty. Subsequently, when she went to administer the morning medication, she saw that none of the drugs at 10pm had been signed for in the medication administrat ion record. This example of poor record keeping could potentially have lead to further delay in the implementation of the care plan and possible the patient suffering harm, this is poor practise and does not support the delivery of the service to the patient. In maintaining this procedure all signatures should be legible and contemporaneous to the record entry. Good examples of this were witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement as their mentor would write not only their signature at the point of action but also date and time it. A clear print of the name and position should be on the first entry of each page of that particular person writing the entry. A good example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay several times when their mentor carried out this procedure routinely and without fail, this led to the care plan signatures being identified easily. A Nurse is accountable for their care and the correct signature is a factor in taking responsibility and underst anding the relevance of this action. It should be noted that All NHS employees are responsible for any health records which they create or use. This responsibility is established and defined by the law (Public Records (Scotland) Act 1937). Therefore in conclusion the consequences of poor record keeping should promote the maintaining of a good standard of relevant record keeping in line with the NMC (2009) record keeping guidance. In the NMC Fitness to Practise Annual Report 1st April 2008 to 31st March 2009, the investigating committee received one thousand seven hundred and fifty nine new cases of complaint referrals. Classified as allegations of failure to maintain adequate records was 8.52% which was one hundred and fifty records. It would seem reasonable to suggest that this sounds quite a low figure but the impact of the potential consequence of even one record are substantial. There are legal aspects, Mistakes and missing information in records are common and are a major contributory factor in medical errors and poor clinical care, leading to complaints and medical negligence cases. E Health Insider Sept 2007citing RCP . http://www.e-health-insider.com/news/3022/rcp_launches_generic_record-keeping_standards Acces sed 18/1/10 A nurse should bear in mind that any entry made in a care plan can be scrutinized under a court of law. They have an accountability to maintain their records as a record is considered to be a legal document because it contains information about the care that has been planned and delivered to a client or patient and because it may be requested by a court of law (Dimond, 2002). Dimond B (2002). Legal Aspects of Nursing. Third Edition. London. However, good record keeping is not merely regarding a nurse protecting themselves from legal proceedings but good record keeping in regards to a patients care plan is firstly aimed at improving a patients care. McGeehan R (2007) states that records should provide a complete patient journey McGeehan R (2007) Best Practise in record- keeping. Nursing Standard. 21, 17, 51-55. The suggests that the care plan of the patient is there for the patient to follow and understand at a level that they feel involved in, and also for colleagues and other professions to pick up a care plan and know exactly the plan involves and continue their care in line with it. The risks to a patient can be considerable the Audit Commision 2009 stated that Auditors identified issues relating to the quality of records at 80 per cent of trusts (England) and, in one case, the number of records classified as unsafe to audit represented over 16 per cent of the sample reviewed. This commission further states that this presents not only financial risks but more importantly raises concerns from a clinical and patient safety perspective. Improving the quality of records will help to improve the quality of care. Audit Commision 2009 http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/AuditCommissionReports/NationalStudies/20090827pbrdataassuranceframework0809rep.pdf Accesses 18/1/10 Ethical aspects should be promoted in that a nurse has a duty of care to the patient and themselves, promoting professionalism and care. The Audit Commission (2002), in its review of health records, found that subjecting records to audit cuts down dramatically on errors and poor standards. Nurses should be able to evaluate and audit their records formally and informally, to review how the record reflects the care they give even before the content is read. McGeehan R (2007). Regular audits should be carried out not only for self assessment purposes but to also highlight poor practise and should involve all relevant care team members. Part of a nurses professional responsibility is to inform a senior staff member of any incidences of poor record keeping. McGeehan R (2007) Best Practise in record- keeping. Nursing Standard. 21, 17, 51-55. On a recent placement the writer of this essay witnessed an audit being carried out and this was routinely done each month, the lessons were learned f rom these audits and poor record keeping ha become minimal as a result. Proper record keeping in a patients care plan is an important aspect of nursing A good care plan is required for good practice. Healthcare is now a multidisciplinary process and in order to maintain efficient treatment for patients it is important that a nurse, the patient and other professions have access to good quality patient records which are reviewed regularly to ensure that the service is kept to a professional standard and maintain patient care and safety.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Am I Me Or Am I Someone Else? Essay -- Psychology, Personality

Who am I? What makes me who I am? My friends would probably say that it’s my genuine nature and compassion that make me who I am. They might also say that I find ways to create my identity without even trying and that I make my own path with my morals as a guide. I’d probably say it’s my dashing good looks, wit, and charm. My experiences, my parents, and my surroundings, have all contributed to establishing my identity. In Derek Parfit’s writings Reasons and Persons and â€Å"Personal Identity,† he discusses his ideas on what would matter most, personal identity or survival, and he claims that it is survival, rather than personal identity that matters. Where Parfit expresses this view, this is where I disagree. I believe that where survival is there must be personal identity. Both should go hand in hand and there is more to personal identity than psychological/bodily continuity. I believe to an extent that Parfit is right in claiming that survival i s what matters, overall it is better to be surviving than physically dead but if your personal identity is gone, doesn’t that make you dead as a person and a new person is in your place? In an article, Derek Parfit argues is that: â€Å"The real reason seems to me now this. Does personal identity just consist in bodily and psychological continuity, or is it a further fact, independent of the facts about these continuities? Our reactions to the ‘problem cases’ show, I believe, that we believe the latter. And we seem inclined to believe that this further fact is peculiarly deep and is all-or-nothing---we believe that in any describable case, it must hold completely or not at all. My main claim is the denial of this further fact† (Robinson). In Reasons and Persons, Parfit makes the claim that pe... ...ontinuous with me is what is important. For me to survive, in the way that matters to Parfit, means that it is enough for someone to inherit enough of my psychological attributes. If two or more people inherit my attributes, that is almost as good as ordinary survival. Although, I would argue that this idea of being the same person is what matters in survival/continued existence. When one is divided, they cease to be. Even though they have remnants of the past them, that doesn’t make it them. Works Cited Fumerton, Richard, and Diane Jeske. Introducing Philosophy Through Film: Key Texts, Discussion, and Film Selections [Paperback]. Print. Parfit, Derek. Personal Identity. The Philosophical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1 (Jan.,197) pp. 3-27. Robinson, John. Personal Identity and Survival. The Journal of Philosophy , Vol. 85, No. 6 (Jun., 1988), pp. 319-328

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

The Publicity of Thought and Language :: Philosophy of Language

I try to clarify the ways in which one would seek to hold that language and/or thought are public. For each of these theses, I distinguish four forms in which they can be framed, and two ways of establishing them. The first will try to make the publicity of thought follow from that of language; the second will try to make the publicity of language follow from that of thought. I show that none of these strategies can do without the thesis that language and thought are interdependent, and that even while admitting this thesis, the second strategy presents more difficulties than the first. The sceptical problem of Kripkenstein pertains to both the notions of content of thought and linguistic meaning in such a way that if the sceptical solution allowed us to conclude that language is essentially public, then we should also be able to conclude that thought is essentially public. But, when addressing the question of the way in which one could, under this hypothesis, reach the conclusion that thought is essentially public, there would seem to be two possible types of answers. The first one is that this follows from the fact that language is a necessary condition of thought, thus: there is no thought without language, but there can be no language without there being more than one speaker, hence there can be no thought without there being more than one thinker. The second answer (which does not exclude the first) is that we should then be able to formulate a version of the sceptical solution which applies directly to the question of knowing under which conditions one is just ified in judging that someone has a certain thought, and that that thought is correct. But if an answer of this second type were possible, it would perhaps no longer be necessary to rely on the sceptical solution in order to conclude that language is public, for in all likelihood, this conclusion would follow from the fact that thought is public, together with the idea that thought is a necessary condition of language, thus: there is no language without thought, but there can be no thought without there being more than one thinker, hence there can be no language without there being more than one speaker. Hence, there seems to be at least three different ways in which one could try to reach the two desired conclusions.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Novel Prize on Economics in 2009

TOPIC: Novel Prize on Economics In 2009 Abstract: This year's Nobel Prize in economics goes to Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson. Elinor Ostrom received the prize for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons while Oliver E. Williamson received the prize for his contributions to the economic governance, emphasizing the boundaries of the firm and its role in conflict resolution and case bargaining. Michael Spence, the 2001 Nobel prize winner, briefly summarized the main contributions of Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E.Williamson to the economic theory. Many economist and critics has given their speech about the novel prize award of this year. Some of them criticize the novel committee for giving the prize of these two persons while others congratulate the prize winners as well as the novel committee. Most of the people think Novel prize received by the right person for their great contribution on economics. Introduction: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Scienc es in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968.Technically, there is no ‘Nobel’ prize in Economics; on the website of Nobel foundation, amongst Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and the Nobel Peace Prize, later ‘Prize in Economics’ commenced since 1969. After that this prise has been given regularly. 41 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been awarded every year since 1969. 22 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been given to one Laureate only. 15 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been shared by two Laureates. 4 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been shared between three Laureates. Nobel Prize in economics gets Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E.Williamson jointly in this year. Elinor Ostrom received the prize for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons while Oliver E. Williamson received the prize for his contributions to the economic governance, emphasizing the boundaries of the firm and its role in conflict resolution and case bargaining. Objectives of the study: We are very interested about the novel prize that has been given on economics. Economics is one of the important issues for any country all over the world. As we are the student of business faculty we have to achieve vast knowledge on economics.A countries development basically depends on the prosperous economy. Moreover, we want to know about how economist of one country’s places their contribution in the development of the economy of the country. We also want to know how economist get novel prize on the economics. What contribution helps them to get the novel prize? After all as we are the students of business faculty we want to learn more about the economics. The main objective of the study is to know for what kinds of activities Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson get the novel prize in the year 2009.Novel Prize on Economics In 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, commonl y referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics is an award for outstanding contributions to the science of economics and is generally considered one of the most prestigious awards for that science. The official name is the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. It is not actually one of the Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel during 1895, but is commonly identified with them.The Prize in Economics, as it is referred to by the Nobel Foundation, was established and endowed by Sveriges Riksbank, Sweden's central bank, during 1968 on the Bank's 300th anniversary, in memory of Alfred Nobel's 1895 will. Like the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics, Laureates in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences It was first awarded during 1969 to the Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch, â€Å"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes. † Funding of the PrizeAn endowment â€Å"in perpetuity† from Sveriges Riksbank pays the Nobel Foundation's administrative expenses associated with the prize and funds the monetary component of the award Since 2001, the monetary portion of the Prize in Economics has been 10  million Swedish kronor , equivalent to the amount given for the Nobel Prizes Since 2006, Sveriges Riksbank has given the Nobel Foundation an annual grant of 6. 5 million Swedish kronor. Relation to the Nobel Prize The nomination process, selection criteria, and awards presentation of the Prize in Economic Sciences are performed in a manner similar to that of the Nobel Prizes.The Prize is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences â€Å"in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his [Alfred Nobel's] will†, which stipulates that the prize is awarded annually to â€Å"those who †¦ shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind†. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is the only non-Nobel prize that has ever been associated officially with the Nobel Foundation. The next time a similar offer was made — an offer by Jakob von Uexkull, who subsequently established the Right Livelihood Award — the offer was declined.Award nomination and selection process: Announcement of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2008 According to its official website, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences â€Å"administers a researcher exchange with academies in other countries and publishes six scientific journals. Every year the Academy awards the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize and a number of other large prizes†.Each September the Academy's Economics Prize Committee, which consists of five elected members, â€Å"sends invitations to thousands of scientists, members of academies a nd university professors in numerous countries, asking them to nominate candidates for the Prize in Economics for the coming year. Members of the Academy and former laureates are also authorised to nominate candidates. † All proposals and their supporting evidence must be received before February 1. The proposals are reviewed by the Prize Committee and specially appointed experts. Before the end of September, the committee chooses potential laureates.If there is a tie, the chairman of the committee casts the deciding vote. Next, the potential laureates must be approved by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Members of the Ninth Class (the social sciences division) of the Academy vote in mid-October to determine the next laureate or laureates of the Prize in Economics. As with the Nobel Prizes, no more than three people can share the prize for a given year; they must still be living at the time of the Prize announcement in October; and information about Prize nominations can not be disclosed publicly for 50 years.With the Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature, each Laureate in Economics receives a diploma, gold medal, and monetary grant award document from the King of Sweden at the annual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, on December 10—the anniversary of Nobel's death The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009: The winners of the novel prize in 2009: | | Elinor Ostrom| Oliver E. Williamson| Elinor Ostrom: She got the novel prize for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons.Her work is much more in the realm of economics than I believe you give her credit for, regardless of whether economists have heard of her. She did work in the allocation of resources and how economic institutions and situations are formed. Her work is incredibly important in study. Understanding that The majority of economists just postulate the existence of economic institu tions and the matters of economic decision making and then study the behavior – without ever questioning where the institutions and units that permitted that behavior ever came from.Her work is helpful in explaining that because she gets away solely from the economic perspective and looks at it from what circumstances and how we as humans function allows us to set up those institutions. Anyone who has read Dr. Ostrom’s work knows that her research is (1) heavily informed by the micro theory work done on the themes that she studies, and (2) she pays a lot of attention to the details that define the interactions between the individuals under Those are, of course, two characteristics inherent in the best applied economics research done anywhere in the world (political science departments included).Her work is carefully crafted, pragmatic in the sense of not being driven by fixed ideas about how the world works, sophisticated (in a game theoretic sense) and most importantl y, very insightful in illuminating the issues she studies. Oliver E. Williamson: He got the novel prize for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm. His research was viewed as a hip, iconoclastic contribution to economics — something that was talked about by economist. What’s interesting is that in the ensuing 15 years, it seems that economists have talked less and less about Williamson’s research.It is also seemed that most assistant professors of economics have barely heard of him. Yet it is thought that the older generation of economists will applaud this choice. However most of the economics thinks that he was the appropriate person to get this prize. The Prize Amount The list below shows the Prize amount in Swedish kronor (SEK) through the years. The Prize amount for 2009 is set at Swedish kronor (SEK) 10 million per full Prize. YEAR| | PRISE AMOUNT | 2001|   | 10,000,000 | | 2002|   | 10,000,000 | | 2003|   | 10,000 ,000 | | 2004|   | 10,000,000 | | 2005|   | 10,000,000 | | 2006|   | 10,000,000 | | 007|   | 10,000,000 | | 2008|   | 10,000,000 | | 2009|   | 10,000,000| Nobel Prize for Economics 2009  Predictions: * MARK L. GERTLER Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA †¢ 2007-2008 Guggenheim Fellow and 2008 First Prize Award for Best Paper presented at the NBER’S International Seminar on Macroeconomics during its first 25 years Here are my comments for each of the fields. Behavioral Economics- I have read a bit of all the above except  Ernst Fehr. The Prize was given in 2002 for behavioral economics and I think giving another one in 2009 will be too early.And not having Thaler in the list for behavioral economics would be like awarding another award for International Trade without having Bhagwati on the list or  an award for environmental economics without having Nordhaus on the list. Moreover Rabin is just about 46 nowà ‚  and as per Nobel Prize winners’ age is too young for the award. But yes  whenever behavioral economics is awarded next, Rabin would be a strong contender. Environmental Economics- I have read very little about these two guys and environment economics in general. I have to read a lot more on this to comment anything.But yes see some recognition of the importance of the field soon. Till the committee does not award the field, it will always be in the prediction list. Monetary Economics- I have read quite a bit of John Taylor and if monetary economics is recognized, he would most likely get the award. His work on getting rules into monetary policy framework is quite a revolution. There are strong critiques of John Taylor but this is the case with much of economics. Gertler has written quite a few papers with Bernanke and is a leading proponent with Jordi Gali (see this) on New Keynesian Theory and DSGE Models.Given the current criticism on these models, I don’t think they will be awarded this time. So let’s wait for 12 October†¦. Ashok Chatterjee Says: September 11, 2009 at 5:40 pm Prof. Jagdish Bhagwati’scandidature for receiving this year’s Nobel Prize is not only overdue, but also it will be a fitting tribute to an economist whose contribution to the promotion of Globalization in Macroeconomics is unparalleled and unsurpassed. It would be a great pity if the Nobel Committee gets bogged down in an endless argument in stead of seeing the obvious giant among the great talents in Ecnomics Teddy Chabot Says:September 14, 2009 at 7:12 am I wouldn’t be surprised to see Jean Tirole win (with perhaps a few other folks given the committee’s recent track record) for his contributions to applied game theory in general and industrial organization in particular. The ’80s saw a veritable explosion in work in IO associated with game theory. In the last 10-15 years, we’ve seen a number of Nobels for game theory contributions, some of which involved more or less applied work. But we have yet to see anyone win for the massive insights that game theory provided to our understanding of competition among firms.Tirole is the most obvious candidate to be rewarded for those advances. YangC Says: September 14, 2009 at 11:57 am In the past couple of years, Hyperwage Theory has become controversial since it came out in 2005, because it has a specific solution to reducing poverty in the Third World countries. The only problem — the solution is one that is the opposite conventional wisdom. A few economics teachers are now giving the theory as basis for critiques. (I am a math major so I do not know one economic theory from the other, but the portion i’ve read makes sense to me. I think the Nobel should consider Hyperwage Theory at least. Ralph Byrns Says: October 9, 2009 at 5:39 pm Fehr, Rabin, and Thaler all deserve serious consideration. Their varied contributions in behavioral e conomics force us to rethink what economics has been (the study of decisionmaking and its consequences) versus economics as more narrowly focused on rational decisionmaking. If economics is defined, per the views of some scholars, as focused only on raional decisionmaking, then we are doomed to irrelevance in a world that is increasigly in need of multidisciplinary research. David Says: October 11, 2009 at 12:17 amIt is only a wishful thought, but I would be very happy if Tom Sargent wins the prize. Not only a great academic, but also a great person and teacher. Thanks. What This Year’s Nobel Prize in Economics Says about the Nobel Prize in Economics: By STEVEN D. LEVITT Earlier today, Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson were awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for their work on the role of institutions. Congratulations to both of them! When I was a graduate student at MIT back in the early 1990’s, there was a Nobel Prize betting pool every year. Three years in a row, Oliver Williamson was my choice.At the time, his research was viewed as a hip, iconoclastic contribution to economics — something that was talked about by economists, but those students was not actually trying to emulate (and probably would have been actively discouraged from had they tried to do so). What’s interesting is that in the ensuing 15 years, it seems to me that economists have talked less and less about Williamson’s research, at least in the circles in which I run. I suspect most assistant professors of economics have barely heard of him. Yet I suspect the older generation of economists will applaud this choice.The reaction of the economics community to Elinor Ostrom’s prize will likely be quite different. The reason? If you had done a poll of academic economists yesterday and asked who Elinor Ostrom was, or what she worked on, I doubt that more than one in five economists could have given you an answer. I personally would have failed the test . I had to look her up on Wikipedia, and even after reading the entry, I have no recollection of ever seeing or hearing her name mentioned by an economist. She is a political scientist, both by training and her career — one of the most decorated political scientists around.So the fact I have never heard of her reflects badly on me, and it also highlights just how substantial the boundaries between social science disciplines remain. So the short answer is that the economics profession is going to hate the prize going to Ostrom even more than Republicans hated the Peace prize going to Obama. Economists want this to be an economists’ prize (after all, economists are self-interested). This award demonstrates, in a way that no previous prize has, that the prize is moving toward a Nobel in Social Science, not a Nobel in economics. According to Eric A:Elinor Ostorm’s work is much more in the realm of economics than I believe you give her credit for, regardless of wheth er economists have heard of her. She did work in the allocation of resources and how economic institutions and situations are formed. Her work is incredibly important in understanding that. The majority of economists just postulate the existence of economic institutions and the matters of economic decision making and then study the behavior – without ever questioning where the institutions and units that permitted that behavior ever came from.Her work is helpful in explaining that because she gets away solely from the economic perspective and looks at it from what circumstances and how we as humans function allows us to set up those institutions. It’s a failure of economists to not recognize some of the implications for her work; not the failure of the Nobel committee for honoring her insights into â€Å"New Institutional Economics. † Also, take a look at yourself. You’ve won a Clark medal and most of your work could easily be classified as sociology.If y ou had a degree in sociology and did the same work, you could make the same case that the Clark medal is becoming a prize for â€Å"social sciences†; but because your degree is in economics it’s without notice. I’m curious though, were economists upset by the prize being awarded to Thomas Schelling whose most impressive work is arguably just political science with insights from economics and game theory? Or because he’s an economist by training and manner that his prize is still considered an â€Å"economics prize†?Perhaps the award will act as a wakeup call to economists – just because it’s not called â€Å"economics† doesn’t mean it’s not applicable to your field. The natural sciences figured this out decades ago when the fields started to converge upon one another (see: the line between areas like physical chemistry and physics) – perhaps economist needs to start looking at the advantageous of political science research when it is clearly applicable to their area of study, rather than just ignoring it.One of the reasons the natural sciences have seen an explosion in information and advancement in the 20th century is because of the breaking down of barriers between fields and using insights of other areas in a synthesis – economics should do the same where applicable in fields of political science, sociology, and psychology. According to Sebastian The people who feel the need to comment on Obama here should be ashamed: This is an amazing day for two highly original, fascinating scientists. Why can’t you talk about their work or shut up? And the Obama Nobel jokes were old on Saturday, already). I actually don’t think that economists are going to hate this quite as much as Levitt thinks. I think Krugman is right that this is a price for institutional economics and I think many people can relate to that, especially as it’s also timely – institutional economics is very good in addressing regulation – be it of CO2 emissions or of the financial system. Certainly no begrudging from Alex Tabarok at MR, Krugman on his Blog and Michael Spence at Forbes. Too bad you don’t say a little more of their work.Readers who want to learn something should go to MR, which has two fantastic short posts. CONCLUSION: In this year Nobel Prize in economics 2009 gets Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson jointly in this year. For her analysis of economic governance Elinor Ostorm gets the prize, especially the commons and Oliver E. Williamson received the prize for his contributions to the economic governance, emphasizing the boundaries of the firm and its role in conflict resolution and case bargaining. Many economist and critics has given their speech about the novel prize award of this year.Some of them criticize the novel committee for giving the prize of these two persons while others congratulate the prize winners as well as the nove l committee. Different people have different viewpoint but we think that Elinor Ostorm and Oliver E Williamson won the prize for their great contribution on the economic field. In the time of economic recession they analyzed economics governance and find out what are the reasons behind the economic recession. So we think that they received their prize for their great contribution in economics. References: Newspaper Magazine Articles on Novel prize in 2009 and Internet