Did the new law forwarded by State of Florida violated the Equal Essay

Did the new law forwarded by State of Florida violated the Equal resistance article of US Constitution - Essay ExampleAccording to the Equal Protection Clause no conjure shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws In the broadest view, the Equal Protection Clause is part of the United States continuing attempt to determine what its professed commit custodyt to the proposition that all men are equal should mean in practice. Mr. Herman Sexist claims that the Florida Law violated the strict interrogation at test and the Florida Women For special Rights in the response have filed that the staute is valid under the rational derriere at test.Strict scrutiny is the highest test or archetype of review and is the most difficult for a law to pass.Strict scrutiny is used to consider classifications called venture.Suspect classifications are race, religion and national origin.If a governmental action uses one of these suspect classifications, the court requires justification that is exceedingly persuasive and demonstrates a compelling state interest.This means there must(prenominal) be a very powerful reason to uphold a law based on one of these classifications. Sex or gender classification has a mixed history with regard to the standard of review used by courts.Courts uses rational basis scrutiny extensively to deal with such types of issues.Rational basis scrutiny is the lowest or the easiest standard for a law to pass.The court uses this test to review laws pertaining to complaisant and economic regulations.

International Business Operations Management Term Paper

International Business Operations Management - Term Paper ExampleManagers atomic number 18 also liable for serious activities such as excellence charge and control, ability planning, materials management, procure, and preparation.The significance of trading trading trading operations management for a new company in the market has augmented radically in up-to-the-minute years. Important foreign competition, shorter product, and repair life-cycles improved skilled and quality-conscious consumers, and the abilities of new technology have placed ontogenesis pressures on the operations function to get better efficiency as given that a broader cast of high-quality products and services. By the globalization of markets, firms are familiar with that the operations function can be used as a spirited weapon to make stronger their location in the market place. Managers in operations management play a planned, as well as a strategic role in amiable customer, indispensablenesss and making their firms sturdy international competitors (Kotabe, M., 2003, 10-31)According to the latest analysis if a new company want to enter in the market then at least as volatile as the Middle-East situation, nevertheless not as famed in the headlines, is the appearance of worldwide operations as the main strength that is reshaping the earth of commerce. By the prospect of the latest business opportunities that escort it, we need to believe how these worldwide opportunities depart be communal by U.S. businesses (Kotabe, M. 2003, 107-119).Aims- To offer consumer by knowledge of product and skills in chosen techniques of operations management. - To display how the method of operations management can be used to best benefit in the production and service division operations of businesses for a new company. - To demonstrate how the resourceful completion of the techniques of operations management pressure the plan of the organization taking into thought the worldwide and right elements. - To give leadership to, and consciousness of, the pertinent limits of hypothetical work done in the market area. (Schroeder, 2005)

Interview of Michaelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci Essay

Interview of Michaelangelo and da Vinci da Vinci - strain ExampleThe following interview functions as an effort of gaining a greater perspective on these thoughts and perspectives.Leonardo After my birth my father took primary custody over me. Still, I remained in contact with my arrest. two of my parents continued to have children after they separated and I ended up with the unique situation of having a total of 17 half sisters and brothers. During my youth growing up with my father I think greatly contri only whened to my later development. He always had scholarly texts around that I was able to read. Youll remember that during this period the cyberspace wasnt readily available so having access to this information was quite a privilege. Additionally, there were some members of my family that were painters, so I sort of fell into painting from that point (MOS).Michelangelo After I was born my mother became sick. I was immediately given to a wet nurse from a family of stonecutte rs. I know it sounds crazy, but I always felt that early influence contributed to my later intellectual disposition. Unfortunately my mother would rifle when I was very young. Indeed, I sort of had a depressing childhood and became very introspective, focusing on art. I soon developed a skill in this avenue and my father sent me to Francesco Galeota from Urbino, a masterful instructor (Michelangelo).Leonardo Well, I was always very confident about my prune, but I guess the first time I received really great social recognition for my rifle was with even with one of my own paintings, but my instructor Andrea del Verrochio. Instructor Verrochio allowed me to paint an angel in his work Baptism of Christ. This work would later come to be recognized as a seminal painting (MOS).Michelangelo For me it was when I was sixteen years old. At this age I produced the Madonna of the Stairs. This work featured Mary, the mother of God, seated on a

How to Write the Best Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to Write the shell - Essay ExampleThe structure of an essay depends on what type of essay it is, but most essays cost a general pattern that includes an incoming, two or three main body paragraphs, and then a conclusion to wrap everything up. The outline does not need to be very detailed because it only provides a guide for how the essay will look when finished. Each paragraph in the essay should only yield a couple of sentences to explain the samara points and supporting evidence if any. Part of the process of forming an outline ordinarily involves some kind of research. There are many sources available for students to find information about their topic. some students make the fatal mistake of including information from sites such as Wikipedia. The vast majority of lecturers do not approve of the use of such sources because they are not reliable. Any Internet user can pitch a Wikipedia page, so the information contained on a Wikipedia page may be untrustworthy. The types of sources that should be use in an essay must be reliable sources. This means that the information should invariably come from a book, a peer-review journal, or newspaper article. Any source that has been professionally published by an expert in a particular field of study counts as a legitimate source. The next step in producing a high-quality research paper is to write a rough draft. This stage is all about acquire down thoughts on paper rather than trying to come up with the perfect essay. If an outline has already been completed, then this stage can be concluded at a faster pace than without one. The introduction of an essay should be designed to introduce the reader to the topic without giving too much key information away. The most common way to do this is through the use of a hook, which is designed to centering the readers attention. After the hook, a thesis statement should tell the reader what the students view on a particular issue is. This part is extremely importa nt because it will great deal the tone for the rest of the paper. It will also tell the reader what reasons the student is giving for justifying their position on a topic.

The Ku Klux Klan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Ku Klux Klan - Essay ExampleMuch of their activities included horse riding during the night while corrosion costumes such as masks. As these innocent night expeditions continued, the society, specially reason slaves, begun exhibiting fear since they did not endure the real intentions of the group, which they thought was out to cause trouble for them (Parsons 814). Young people enjoy being in tick off and this has been noted as sensation of the major motivation factors behind gang formation and membership. It is indeed not a wonder to find that after realizing the effects they were having on the surrounding comm iodine, the group begun recruiting more people and expanding their territories to the neighboring towns thereby leading to the emergence of numerous factions, which did not have an agenda or whatever formal leadership to promote a unified course. The lack of leadership and direction particularly after the expansion of the group necessitated the group members to c ome up with a strategy to exercise control over the operations of the group so as to facilitate harmony, which was necessary in strengthening the organization. As a result, a meeting was called in 1867, in which General Nathan Bedford Forrest was appointed as the commander (Parsons 817). Bedford was a former confederate soldier, who had a lot of experience owing to his involvement in the American civilian War from 1861 to 1865. Although he never had formal military training, Bedford had natural talent in war formulation and this impressed his superiors as well as his colleagues, and soon he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and was given the social occasion of training and recruiting new soldiers into the army. This means that with him on the helm, KKK was bound to reach great heights to become one of the most influential in the American society. Other members were elected as leaders of smaller groups in order to establish a chain of command similar to that of the ar my and which was to facilitate discipline and unity among the different factions (Artoletti 22). The American Civil War ended in 1865 and paved way for the reconstruction era. Among the policies, which were to be adopted in order to facilitate reconstruction of the country was to promote the rights of black people and former slaves by allowing them to vote and vie for various political offices (McVeigh 16). They were also to be allowed to compete with the white Americans in the job market. In general, all Americans were to be accorded equal rights and privileges irrespective of their color, ethnicity or religion. However, majority of the whites did not government issue this positively as they felt that this would have created a lot of competition for resources and job opportunities, which were scarce especially within localities where the Ku Klux Klan operated. KKK members were not happy with this and as a result, members started becoming suspicious towards the non-whites, whom the y perceived as inferior. Indeed, KKK started attack the blacks trying to convince them to give up their quest for political offices because they were better off living as second class citizens and that they stood to benefit more if they agreed to remain as slaves, which did not bear any fruits (McVeigh 21). Instead, the blacks continued to demand their rights through activism. A widespread hatred towards the blacks and former slaves especially in the siemens boosted the membership of KKK as it provided an informal avenue for the

The Rise of Political Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Rise of policy-making Islam - Essay ExampleSimilarly, the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), which is an Islamic semipolitical society grasped slightly 47 share of the total presented seats in spite of appearance the Egyptian assembly leading to concern in the occidental world (Khairat 1). Political Islam has been supported by various claims all around the world. Body Claims have been congeal forward to address the matter of political Islam. It is certain that Islamics have been supporting(a) the domestic and external political organizations about their guidelines in the approaching stage through different ways. In the case, of Mohamed Saad Katatni, who is the Secretary General within FJP presented the idea that their political party focused more on the civic component in an contract to build up a contemporary democratic nation (Khairat 1). This implies that the party has no religious affiliations plainly wants to work better towards the betterment of existence of the M uslim community. The rise of most Islamic parties has come as a positive or constructive approach towards the implementation of policies that are supposed to bring about positive transformation, and image for the Muslim world. The ideas put forward by the policies that these political factions have instituted aims at presenting a free world for all Muslims regardless of their gender and other prejudices. Presentation of the new ideas has substantially augment the support of these Muslim parties by offering Muslims a chance to redeem themselves from prolonged miseries presented by the Muslim religion. Consequently, Muslims have offered support to parties with leaders willing to struggle for the liberties of all Muslims within and outside the Muslim nations. Parties such(prenominal) as FJP have included women at various levels of political leadership. In FJP, approximately 10 percent of the muckle who founded the party is women (Khairat 1). This can be considered a significantly enor mous percentage of women in a country with conservative nature or appearance. The party bears women even at the higher ranks of the party in comparison to other parties around the Egyptian society. This further assists the general populace in understanding the complexities and operating theatre of the party, therefore, removing distasteful attributes associated with the party by the media. According to central investors and commercial strategists of Muslim Brotherhood, they aim at attracting grand overseas investment meaning that the private sector offers immense prop up to the implementation (Khairat 1). Similarly, FJP is encouraging more on free market financial systems that would prologue and progressively develop Islamic banking, which offers the consumers both options in relation to the long-established banking structure. FJP has shown further dedication by adhering to alter towards sovereignty, full democratic system, fairness and full, individual liberties in every undertak ing of the party (Khairat 1). This is evident through the founding statement on which the party of FJP was established. The party claims that it is aiming at developing patriotism and commitment among the Egyptian context. The party claims that it forgoes everything for the benefit of the homeland, which is all Egyptian people regardless of their religion or other prejudices. The party aims at clinging to main beliefs, morals and moral codes of the supernal revealed religious conviction. The party has chosen Dr. Rafiq Habib who is happens to be, from the

Multilateralism and the International Organizations Essay

Multilateralism and the International Organizations - Essay ExampleThe first modern instances of deep-lobedism occurred in the nineteenth century in europium after the end of the Napoleonic Wars where the great powers met to redraw the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna. The Concert of Europe, as it became known, was a group of great and lesser powers that would meet to cut off issues peacefully. Conferences such as the Conference of Berlin in 1884 helped reduce great power conflicts during this period, and the nineteenth century was unmatchable of the Europes most peaceful.This system, however, was destroyed by the First World War and consequently, the League of Nations was created by the conflict man leaders in order to try to prevent any other form of conflict. Still, after the assist World War, the leaders saw the League of Nations failure and decided to create the united Nations in 1945 with a structure intended to address the weaknesses of the previous body. Unlike the League, the UN had the active participation of the United States and the Soviet Union, the worlds twain greatest contemporary powers. Along with the political institutions of the UN, the post-war years a wide array of other multilateral organizations such as the GATT (now the World Trade Organization), the World Bank and the World Health Organization developed. The corporal multilateral framework played an important role in maintaining world peace in the algid War. Moreover, United Nations peacekeepers stationed around the world became one of the most visible symbols of multilateralism in recent decades.Today in that location are so many multilateral institutions of varying scope and subject matter, ranging from the International Telecommunication Unit (ITU) to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and Organisation For the Prohibition Of Chemical Weapons(OPCW) although many such organizations were founded or are supported by the UN, they are by no means maintai ned within the UN system.

How is the Mechanical Hound a reflection of society in Fahrenheit 451 Essay

How is the Mechanical Hound a reflection of society in Fahrenheit(postnominal) 451 - Essay ExampleInstead of employing humans to do the job of surveillance on its citizens, the governing opted to manipulation a machine that did the same role, but in a more thorough manner as it was emotionless. Basically, the machine was a government watch dog. Its like a lesson in ballistics. It has a trajectory we take root for it. It follows through. It targets itself, homes itself, and cuts polish off. Its only copper wire, storage batteries, and electricity (Bradbury 23). In addition, the Mechanical hound was basically an oppressive putz in the society depicted in Fahrenheit 451. The machine was used by the government to vindicate those who attempted to go against it. Mechanical hound had orders to kill any individuals that tried to stand against the laws set by the existing government. It was also more of the depiction of the oppressive state of the given government to the society, Come o ff it. It doesnt like or dislike. It just functions (Bradbury 23). All in all, Mechanical hound is a symbolic means of government watchdog in the given society in Fahrenheit 451. In addition, it represents a government tool for oppressing the citizens and people who are against the government by killing them (Bradbury 76).

The Enlightenment in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Enlightenment in the States - Research Paper ExampleAmerican heaven started in the 18 century. It r distributivelyed the country through the style cities. At the beginning of the enlightenment period, only the elite had embraced the new ways of thinking. Famous philosophers spread enlightenment ideas throughout the country during that time. An example of the philosophers was Benjamin Franklin. He spread ideas using cheap materials such as pamphlets and newspapers. The enlightenment ideas started in Europe, but Europeans took a long time to implement the ideas because they had to discuss the implementation of the ideas. Americans espouse the ideas faster than Europe. They started to question the relevance of kings and churches in the era. This resulted into the introduction of the new theology which the educate elite in the society named the rational Christianity1.The rational Christianity theology influenced people from different religions in the society to tolerate each other . This is because new theology made them to accept the idea that beau ideal gave human the ability to think rationally. This change magnitude humans understanding that enab guide them to live according to the moral teachings without considering their religious backgrounds. This made many Americans to embrace deism that was a belief that is influenced by reason instead of religious teachings like in the past. This belief held that our churchman made the universe of discourse and the natural laws that are meant to maintain it. It is the duty of humans to ensure that they maintain the world using the natural laws. In the past, people in the country believed that humans were guided by Gods supernatural powers. However, during the enlightenment period, people started to believe that humans are guided by their cogitate ability. The ability is a gift that God gave them, but not supernatural powers. Thomas Jefferson was among those who embraced the new philosophy. The beliefs led to t he introduction of new laws aligned with the

Economic data analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

frugal data analysis - Essay ExampleThe situation is likely to be very different if we ar dealing with condemnation serial data, for the observations in such(prenominal) data dramatize a natural order over time so that successive observations atomic number 18 likely to testify inter correlations, especially if the time interval between successive observations is short, such as a day, a week, or a month rather than.The classical model assumes that the fracas term relating to any observation is not influenced by the hinderance term relating to any other observation. For example, if we argon dealing with quarterly time series data involving the retrogression toward the mean of output on labor and capital inputs and there is labor strike affecting output in adept quarter, there is no reason to believe that this disruption will be carried over to the undermenti onenessd quarter. That is, if output is lower this quarter, there is no reason to expect it to be lower succeedin g(prenominal) quarter. Similarly, if we are dealing with cross-section(a) data involving regression of family consumption expenditure on family income, the effect of an increase of one familys income on its consumption expenditure is not expected to affect the consumption expenditure of another family. If such dependence exists there exists autocorrelation. Symbolically,In this situation, the disruption caused by a strike this quarte... The situation is likely to be very different if we are dealing with time series data, for the observations in such data follow a natural ordering over time so that successive observations are likely to exhibit inter correlations, especially if the time interval between successive observations is short, such as a day, a week, or a month rather than. c) What do you understand by the term autocorrelation What implications will this collapse for the properties of ordinary least squaresThe term autocorrelation can be defined as correlation between member s of series of observations ordered in time as in time series data or space as in cross-sectional dataIn the regression context, the classical linear regression model assumes that such autocorrelati8on does not exist in the disturbances ut. Symbolically,E(ut1, ut2)=0 t1t2The classical model assumes that the disturbance term relating to any observation is not influenced by the disturbance term relating to any other observation. For example, if we are dealing with quarterly time series data involving the regression of output on labor and capital inputs and there is labor strike affecting output in one quarter, there is no reason to believe that this disruption will be carried over to the next quarter. That is, if output is lower this quarter, there is no reason to expect it to be lower next quarter. Similarly, if we are dealing with cross-sectional data involving regression of family consumption expenditure on family income, the effect of an increase of one familys income on its consu mption expenditure is not expected to affect the consumption expenditure of another family. If such dependence exists there exists autocorrelation. Symbolically,E(ut1, ut2)0 t1t2In this

Business Project Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business stray - Dissertation ExampleThe caller-up is alike known for its innovation strategies, such as ThinkPad. The go with currently employs a total of around 27,000 employees worldwide. The company sells its products in nearly 160 countries and specifically targets the technological markets by way of manufacturing discordant innovative engineering products, which outsells in the market as compared to many of its competitors. The company has been fitting to gain all round market recognition and popularity. The products manufactured by the company are considered to be of high quality and is widely sold in the world-wide market. The company has similarly been able to install itself as a well-known brand in the global market (Schuman, 2009). This paper entails a comminuted study about the key factors concerning about the companys competitive position in the global marketplace. The industrial position explicated by the company in the present marketing scenario, along with its past performances testament also be reviewed in the further discussion of this paper. The discussion in this paper pull up stakes also encompass various subjects relating to cross-cultural issues that persist in the working environment of Lenovo. The project will shine up upon all those factors that will represent the companys current position in relation to various aspects, such as balancing pressures that occur while managing different activities in a large-sized multinational company including marketing and sales, financing activities, supply chain processes and other activities related to administration and support. The report will also emphasise various activities relating to the corporate social responsibility of the company performed to suffice the need of the overall society. It will also highlight those factors, which relates to the profitability of the company and the various procedures that the company can follow in crop to raise the profitability and also for fu lfilling the demands of the consumers. This paper would thus provide a great aid to acquire a detailed outlook about the actual operations and management policies of the company and help in assessing the actual position of the company in terms of various factors including its financial position, output ratio, level of faculty along with its market positioning among various other factors. Chapter 1 Lenovos Competitive Position in Its Various Markets In this section, all those aspects that are associated with the competency levels of the company in the global markets will be studied. This part will rigorously analyse the companys present position and the degree of its stability, as compared to the other players of the global consumer technology industry. From a generalised point of view, reviewing the current trends in the global consumer technology industry, the company is seen to have a favourable position. The company is a renowned business firm with a huge customer base. Reviewin g the strategies of the company, it can be observed that Lenovos organisational leadership framework is well poetise with the demands of the customers, moving in parallel to the ever increasing demands and following numerous processes of advancement in the features of its products. Accordingly, the company has

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Summary - Essay utilizationThe major question is What is touristry education? The other important ideal to consider is to establish the struggle between tourism education and tourism training. The other important question that sought to be communicate by the study is How has tourism education true in Indonesia? More importantly, the chapter sought to explore the concepts and methods employ in delivering tourism education in the learning as well as teaching process. The chapter in like manner sought to explore the level of tourism in the Indonesian Higher education.Tourism education has promptly developed during the past two decades in different parts of the world. For instance, the first degrees in travel and tourism were offered in the 1980s in the UK (Messenger, 1991). This trend has slowly spread to other countries both developing and developed. inquiry has shown that this trend is a bit similar in developing as well as developed countries. However, there has been debate about whether to consider tourism as a chequer on its own. This is generally because it is widely viewed as an emerging discipline which has not yet fully developed. The group that argues that tourism is a discipline on its own state that there have been different distinctive concepts peculiar to the tourism industry that have developed during the recent past (Leiper, 2000). For instance, the main destination ratio is a concept specifically meant for the tourism industry (Leiper, 1981). The Australian Standard Research Classification asserts to the notion that tourism has been eagle-eyed identified asHowever, the other group argue that tourism cannot be regarded as a discipline on its own as a result of the fact that it lacks integrated frameworks that have been developed in various disciplines in different researches. In actual fact, they argue that there are few or no theories that have been specifically developed for this area of study which means that it cannot be regarded a s a

Purchasing from local farmers can be beneficial to the environment Essay

Purchasing from local anesthetic out-of-the-way(prenominal)mers can be beneficial to the environment - Essay ExampleIt has been estimated that fare for thought travels 1800 miles on the average (Jackson, 2008) when it is being delivered from the farms to the market. These farms atomic number 18 usually located in other countries that grow certain kinds of food. This 1800 mile travel can give at least 800 kgs of CO2 firings per travel (Webber and Matthews, 2008). If the food is sourced from a local farm, which is ne ber to the market and it would not be imported, it would not contribute much to the CO2 emissions of the food, because less transportation would be involved. Because of this, local farmers can be a great help in providing a sustainable alternative when it comes to marketing farm produce, and at the same time, prove beneficial to the environment. As said before, most foods in the market these days are imported from different countries. According to an article by Andy Jerardo, almost 15% of foods in the markets of the United States are imported. This rate rises continually (Brooks, et al). This means that the imported food travel at least a constant of gravitation miles to get to the consumers tables. Because of that mileage, transportation takes a huge part in the marketing of foods. At the same time, the jounce of transportation is enormous when it comes to computing a foods carbon emissions. It is known that the carbon emission of food starts in farms, especially if livestock is the one being farmed. Since the CO2 emissions from beef and poultry are already big, adding CO2 emissions from the transportation needed from the farm to the market r breake is already a big factor when considering the impact of food in the environment. Therefore, if the farms are locally available, it is more logical for the people to steal there if they are actually conscious of their environment. This is because nearer farms mean meek transportation costs and low carbon emissions. Low transportation costs and emissions mean cheaper food and less environmental stress. Local factory farm in like manner ensures sustainable delivery for farming. Since local farmers are, nearer, with figures playing within 100-150 miles from the food source to the table, the taxes that consumers pay when they corrupt the produce would ultimately go back to the consumers. Helping the local farms is also a good room to support the local economy since it helps in keeping the money within the market. It does not go out from the local territory, unlike in importation where the consumer pays the farmers from other countries from which the food is imported. Having a healthy local economy is good since it lessens our nations dependence to other countries, making the nation stronger. Another point to excogitate is that local farming is also beneficial to the health of consumers, not only to the environment. It is logical since the farms are near, the food is del ivered fresh because the food does not spend days, even weeks, in a boat or truck to get transported from point A to point B. It is basically like picking foods right from your own backyard. The sellers also get a reduced packaging costs and storing time because these foods have a great turnover. Having local farms are also a good way in preserving a regions apparent culture. Since food is an extension of culture, it is inevitable for a local place not to have their own food that gives them their own unique identity. Importation with their foreign flavors, generally overtake the local culture when it comes to food. Having local far

Color and the Visible Spectrum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

excuse and the Visible Spectrum - Research Paper ExampleThe electromagnetic spectrum offers various ranges of colours that can be spy by the human eye. The visible spectrum ranges from 390 nanometers to 780 nanometers. Moreover, the electromagnetic spectrum has wanton frequencies that ar either too low or too high for humans to see, for example, the ultraviolet that is located past the infra ablaze(p), found in the red check of the visible light spectrum (Cao & Cui, 100)Visible spectrum is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be spy by the human eyes. The oftentimesness and the wavelength are often inversely proportional. A rise in frequency causes a decrease in wavelength as well as an increase in the energy associated with the photon. Radiations with time-consuming wavelength, infrared and visible light are non-ionizing radiation because ionizing radiations entail UV light, gamma rays and X-rays. The limit amongst now- ionizing and ionizing radiation is f ound within the ultraviolet regions (Eugene Hecht, 50). Pure colours or spectra are those colours that are made up of only one wavelength. Visible wavelengths go through optical window which is delimit as the region in the electromagnetic spectrum that permits wavelengths to go through the earths atmosphere.The midday skies often appear blue as a result of clean air scattering it more than red wavelength. The optical window is also known as visible window. In the thirteenth century, Roger Bacon asserted that rainbows create in the same way as light passing through a crystal or prism. Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could reassemble and disassemble white light and illustrated the finding in his books about optics. He observed that a fraction of beam of light is reflected while other fractions go through the prism when a narrow beam of light strikes the face of a glass prism (Eugene Hecht, 50). The beam of light that goes through the glass often appeared as colored bands. Newto n hypothesized that light comprises of

Project Management for Business--The failure of Fire Control Essay

Project Management for Business--The failure of Fire manipulate - Essay ExampleMoreover, in December 2010, the department cancelled the project after reviewing that it would not be delivered within the planned timeframe. The project examines why the department failed to convey the project and the extent to which it minimized the savage arising from the final decisions to terminate the project.Project management advances the coordination, control and planning of diverse and complex activities of commercial, industrial, management change, and IT projects.Moreover, thedevelopments of projects piece common similarities in the projection of ideas and activities into new ventures. This report entails a fire control project, aimed at modify the efficiency, technology and flexibility of English fire and rescue service by replacing forty-six local control rooms with an effective network of nine purpose-built regional control centers. Besides, the control centers drop national computer s ystem that handle calls, manage incidents and mobilize equipment. Consequently, the main purpose of this project was to augur and foresee many dangers and problems as possible during the planning and organization of activities to finish the project successfully. It started before the internalisation of any resource and continued until all work was finished.The development of the project incorporated other parties such as a project manager and relevant stakeholders in information technology (IT). According to the field Audit Office (2011), suggests that the aim of a project manager is to ensure that the result satisfies project sponsors or purchasers and principled stakeholders within the promised timeframe. Furthermore, the project was not to use more money and other resources than those originally include in the budget. Following the cancelation of this project, the report addresses the department for communities and local government, to ensure that organizations learn lessons from mistakes

Art prize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art prize - Essay ExampleFor an instant, watching or viewing a act as being performed live gives the viewer a different experience from when one is reading the same hearten from a book. In artwork exhibition, the viewer is can have a physical description of the piece. It allows a closer look for a piece of art thus, giving a real attitude and stirred reaction to the piece and one can see it more clearly.When I attended the exhibition of at ArtPrize of of all time Nowhere by Liz Roberts, I was able to broaden my horizon and gained unique insights of the piece and the sort of cultures. The piece was in the second from of the Grand Rapids Art Museum. At the exhibition, there were quite a routine of beautiful and great pieces of artworks from various artists, but Always Nowhere capture my attention for its creativity and artistic features. In the ArtPrize, I could listen to the views of other viewers on various art pieces look at the facial expression on the pieces they were viewed in order to to a lower placestand what they thought of the piece. Always Nowhere was a breathtaking piece many viewers seemed to be carried away by this amazing piece. The pieces made me heart as though I saw something different from what I heard and read. It was the best-time-based artwork I had such high emotions of joy while viewing it. The piece gave me a peaceful and calm experience under the guidance and endorsement of the thematic exhibition. It was a very welcoming moment to view all this fabulous piece of arts from the finest artists in the region. Always Nowhere gives me an imaginative sense of space and memory, with an impact of the presence.Always Nowhere is a road movie that depicts that no one can go anywhere. It is an experiential mental picture sculpture, which transposes windows for screens thus evoking the dichotomies that occur when one is riding in a car (MLive 1). Through the inherently cinematic driving experience, we are together, but feeling alone - we are sited still, however, moving and

Descartes Views on God Essay Example for Free

Descartes Views on beau themel EssayFrom reading some of his works, one might assume that Rene Descartes does not believe in the existence of a heavenly being, a divinity fudge that presides over humilitary personnels and gives us faith. I do not believe this to be the case. I believe that Descartes is simply trying to destroy all of the uncertainties that perk up come about do to inadequate explanations of such a supreme being. For Rene Descartes and all of the other believers in the world, the existence of idol provides a convenient answer to unexplained questions, while never providing answers to the questions about God himself. This is evidenced a great deal in the circular argument made by Descartes in the Meditations on First Philosophy. What follows is a brief account of the third and fifth meditations, which provide Descartes response to the disguise question, What is God? Can one perceive or confirm the existence of an mentation that is external to him, an psych e such as God? In order to determine the answer we must start by understanding the ways in which we can conclude an objects existence.Descartes explains three ways in which a soulfulness might come to such a conclusion ?the first, through nature the second, through feeling a value that is independent of the will of the object and the third, the objective reality of an appraisal, or the drift and effect profile. Descartes drills us with the idea that an object will founder an effect when it stems from a legitimate cause, or an initial idea that precedes with equal or superior properties in ones intellect. In other words, the mind generates thoughts and ideas about a somatic form, and develops a reality for this form, through previous schema and beliefs.And although an idea may give rise to other idea, this regress cannot, nevertheless, be infinite we must in the end reach a first idea, the cause of which is, as it were, the archetype in which all the reality that is found objec tively in these ideas is contained formally. The only task with Descartes argument is when the existence of God arises as a notion, for there is no sustenance or idea for the notion of God to originate from. Is it possible, then, to create the idea of a finite being from an infinite existence, outdoor(a) of the physical and mental, in a state all of its own?Descartes quickly answers that the response would be that a finite being cannot completely, if at all, comprehend the ideas that would cause God to exist, and therefore the basis for doubt is addled in an intangible proof. Additionally, the mere fact that he believes that there is a God provides yet other piece of proof towards His existence. This must be true, according to Descartes, with the provision that the idea and belief must have been placed in his consciousness by an outside factor. The final factor that convinces Descartes that there is a God is the fact of his own existence, along with the fact that he, himself, i s not a God.This belief stems from the theory that if a man is independent from all other existence and ideas about forms and matter, then he has the ability to become infinite. Descartes says that if he himself were the author of his own being and independent of all existence, then he would attain a providential level of existence. Ultimately, it is his own dependence on another being that proves to him that there is a God. Many passel are bred into religion, or borne into a set of ideas about a particular infinite being.The interesting task with most types of faith in this manner is that the scripture that has been deemed to come from your god is also the proof that God exists. This is the type of circular definition that Descartes is trying to avoid at all costs. Basically, its like using a word in its own definition, or ? the definition of an apple is an apple. The argument begins to get a secondary bit ambiguous when he begins discussing the uncertainty of his beliefs. He is, as he claims, as certain of the idea of the sun, the moon, the earth, even his own rational thought, as he is certain of Gods existence.

Crocker on Ethnocentrism Essay Example for Free

Crocker on Ethnocentrism adjudicateDavid A. Crocker asks the question of who should be tasked with the development of moral ethics on a global level, especially in regions where good thought is relatively shallow. If there was maven way he would answer this question, he would rural bea that a combination of insider and alien ethicists would find the best and culturally sensitive form of morality for veritable(a)t purifications. For this to acquire any meaning however, a description is required for twain insider and outsider. An insider, as termed by Crocker, is one who is counted, recognized, or accepted by himself/herself and the other classify members, as belonging to the congregation (Crocker, 29). In regards to ethical thought of the collection, Crocker outlines several advantages and disadvantages of being a predominant insider. When a development ethicist is an insider of a group they understand their past, present, and goals when it comes to moral thought, and can therefore help the group to develop (with ease on the national of communication) in the most beneficial ways foreseeable in tandem with their beliefs. Along the lines of communication of an insider, they have a foundation from which to criticize and rebuke negative actions of a group because of their familiarity with said groups customs and beliefs. However, insiders do not come without inhibitions as well. Insiders whitethorn go away so immersed in their society and its customs that they are unable to expand their throw, and their societys horizon on the topic of moral thought. Crocker argues that because of the familiarity of the culture, an insider whitethorn be blind to factors that coiffe a culture in an existential manner, Like a fish unaware of the water in which it continually swims (Crocker, 33).In essence, an insider has an easy time familiarizing with their culture, but may have trouble assessing the culture from an unbiased manner. Outsiders are the direct opp osite to an insider meaning they do not have a course credit or acceptance of the culture, or themselves within that culture. An outsider can be beneficial to a well-disposed group in the way the outsider canassess the culture in an unbiased manner, and with this perspective, outsider-ethicist strengths are the mirror image of an insider-ethicist weaknesses and therefore the outsider is able to give insight on the things the culture may be unaware of (Crocker, 35). Outsiders are also able to bring out new ideas to a group based on their proclaim culture, ideas the culture in assessment may not have even considered. The last advantage of an outsider is that they are not bound by the insiders commitments to the group or office quo, and can therefore say things, or criticize things that a member of the group would not. Being an outsider has a list of negative attributes as well. Outsiders do not have the same familiarity with the customs of the group and how certain actions affect them, and Crocker argues that these key understandings are relevant for progressive social change (Crocker, 34). Outsiders who come from a more developed region and culture tend to put more trust in their own ideas and disregard the ingenuity of the group under assessment.In the long term, the groups that have an outsider ethicist may become dependent upon them for ideas, and thereby never becoming able to express their own ideas, and their own norms become weakened. David Crocker explains ethnocentrism as having 2 main concerns. The first he describes as being a habitual trend to judge foreign peoples or groups by the standards and practices of ones own culture or ethnic group, and the second is describe as the tendency toward viewing alien cultures with disfavor and a resulting sense of inherent superiority (Crocker, 27). Crockers accounts of insiders and outsiders do answer some of the concerns raised by ethnocentrism. Not one, nor the other is predominantly to blame for ethnoce ntrism, rather both insiders and outsiders demonstrate these negative aspects.Insiders can reject any advice from an outsider with the existence of an a priori that gives the insider the notion that postcode can be learned from an outsider. Outsiders exhibit ethnocentrism in the way they give more credit to the ideas of their own culture because it is often socio-economically more developed. Ethnocentrism in cross-culture assessment and dialogue, Crocker states, can be diminished by things desire achievement of more equality between various centres and their corresponding peripheries, the recognition of dangers peculiar to insiders and outsiders, respectively, and the promotion of distract kinds of insider/outsider combinations indevelopment ethicists (Crocker, 35). Essentially an equilibrium in insider and outsider ethicists. This is how he answers his question of whom is liable for ethical thought, the correct combination of insider and outsider ethicists.BibliographyKoggel, C hristine M.. David A. Crocker.Moral issues in global perspective. Volume II Human potpourri and Equality ed. Peterborough, Ont. Broadview Press, 2006. 27-35. Print.

The Asch Phenomenon and Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Asch Phenomenon and Consumer Behavior EssayImagine yourself sitting in a room with septette of your comrades. You ar asked a question and obtainn a choice of three different answers A, B, or C. You turn in the answer is C, yet every single soul before you confidently states that the answer is B. Do you prick with your answer, or eliminate the fear of being wrong and embarrassed in front of your peers and go on with the host? This is the exact dilemma faced by subjects in the famous Asch experimentation. The Asch phenomenon discount be defined as the effect of a reference meeting on individual decision making that occurs beca role of a sensed pressure to align to the stated opinions of the group members. As consumers, we should recognize the great impact this phenomenon underside have on our buying behaviors. While interacting in a group setting, we whitethorn make choices that be different from what we would do when alone. Marketers and salespeople may use th is idea to their advantage when presenting a crossing to potential customers. If they fucking get a few people to voice a positive opinion toward their productions, it is likely that another(prenominal)s will follow.As consumers, we should be aware of when this idea may be used unethic all in ally in fix up to protect our individual interests. For manakin, a salesperson may try to sell a product to an hearing of potential consumers. However, whatever people working for the salesperson may be planted in the reference posing as naive consumers in localise to form the purchase behaviors of the other members of the audience. Also, marketers may use individuals insecurities to pressure them to go along with the group, even when it is not in a persons beat reveal interest.An ad show a man being ridiculed for buying a less expensive video set may unethically lead a consumer to moot he needs to buy something unaffordable to follow in with his friends. Explanation of the Top ic The Asch phenomenon is a concept derived from the come uponings of a study conducted in 1951. Solomon Asch (1907 1996) originally conducted this experiment to explain conformity to absolute majority-established norms (Moghaddam, 1998). The subjects involved in the study were brought into a room with seven other students (who were all working for Asch and were instructed on what to do) and seated second-to-last around a table.The subjects were told that the experiment was concerned with accuracy and visual perception, and that their project was to choose which of the three bars on the right matched the length of the bar on the left and to give their answers aloud. The confederates in the study were instructed to give irrational answers 12 out of 18 times in order to see whether or not the subject would go along with the crowd after hearing their incorrect responses (Conformity Experiments Asch Social Pressure). A Test of Perception pic Which line in Exhibit 2 is the same lengt h as the line in Exhibit 1?A series of experiments by Solomon Asch, testing the effects of social pressure on individual perceptions, showed that some people in some situations will go against the evidence of their own senses if the people around them seem to perceive something different. Thirty-seven of the fifty dollar bill subjects conformed to the majority at least once, and fourteen of them conformed on more than half of the significant trials (Conformity). Overall, 35 percent of the subjects responses conformed to the groups incorrect judgments.This is surprising because the control group achieved near perfect accuracy, cover that the task was not inherently difficult. In addition, when the experiment was duplicated allowing the subjects to write down their own judgments privately after hearing the incorrect responses of the group, conformity was drastically reduced (Baxter). The reasons why subjects gave in to group influence need important ideas for salespeople and market ers. People conform for two main reasons because they want to be liked by the group and because they believe the group is better informed than they are (Conformity).In this study, Asch reported that most of the participants yielded to group pressure because they assumed the majority was right and they were wrong, rather than because they wanted to be accepted by the majority (Levine, 1999). This difference is what separates the Asch phenomenon from the concept of peer pressure. Peer pressure tends to operate more in primary groups in which normative and identification group influences are at work, rather than informational group influences. A brief example may explain the differences between these three types of influences.Informational influence is at work when a person speculates, I should buy that brand of cereal because my health-conscious friends recommend it as part of a nutritious diet. Normative influence is at work when a person thinks, I should buy that brand of cereal s o that my friends think that I am also health-conscious, or so they wont make fun of me for consume badly. Finally, a person reacting to identification influence would think, I should buy that brand of cereal because I am a member of Weight Watchers, and all of us value that brand.Aschs findings support more of an informational influence, curiously because the conforming subjects did not even jockey the other members of the group. They just assumed that the group must know something that they did not know, or decided it was easier and safer to go along with the group. The Asch phenomenon occurs even when there is yet a perceived pressure to conform. That is, if members go against the group they will not experience any negative consequences. However, when dealing with peer pressure, often individuals who do not conform are ridiculed, humiliated, or excluded by his/her peers.Looking at the Asch study, you can see that while a significant proportion of people conformed, the majori ty did not. This suggests that some people may be more susceptible to the phenomenon than others, and that certain situations may create this pressure to conform more than others. there are five determinants of reference group influence. If there is visible usage, high relevance of a product to the group, low individual purchase confidence, strong individual commitment to the group, and it is a non-necessary item, people are oft more likely to be influenced by the opinions of the group members (Hawkins, 2004).Imagine shopping by yourself as inappropriate to shopping with a group of your fashion-conscious friends. You notice a red apparel on the rack, yet forefathert really care for it. One of your friends later picks up the shirt and says, This shirt is absolutely fabulous. The other members of the group agree, and soon you find yourself agreeing that you also love the shirt. You do this not only because you want to be accepted by the group, but because you assume the others know more about fashion than you do.In addition, if the shirt is a reasonable price and you are looking for something to wear to a party where everyone will be dressed fashionably, the opinions of the group members will affect your purchase decision even more. The Asch phenomenon has been demonstrated in a variety of settings. In one study, 58 percent of college students were persuaded to agree to the statement that the right of freedom of dialect should be suspended when the Government feels threatened, even though not one of these subjects held this view privately (Baxter).In another study, students perceptions of the nutritional value of a new diet food were influenced by the opinions of other members of a group. When the other students of the group were seen as experts, meaning they claimed to be majoring in and had work experience with nutrition, members changed their initial responses to conform to the group even more (Lascu, 1995). Clearly, this phenomenon should not be igno red when advertising a new product or designing a sales campaign, when potential consumers opinions are more likely to be swayed.The proficiency would be useful when potential consumers see others as having great expertise about the product than they do. However, a great deal of risk in purchasing may cause a consumer to seek out information himself rather than go off of what others say. Therefore, the Asch phenomenon may work ideally in low-expertise and low-involvement situations. Examples Examples of the Asch phenomenon can be found throughout the media. When members of a group voice their positive opinions about a product, people are more willing to go along with this stated opinion.For example, Ford Motor Company uses the Asch phenomenon to build greater brand loyalty by providing a section on their website dedicated to personal stories with Ford vehicles. By reading all of the positive stories about Ford cars and trucks, consumers may also feel pressure to think the same way about Fords. Another example of the influence group members may have on individual purchasing decisions comes from the use of infomercials in which a product is displayed to a group of potential customers.At first, the consumers are skeptical that a product could be so easy to use, so convenient, or so inexpensive. However, a consumer is instructed to use a product, is impressed by the product, and says, Wow, I really can feel my legs and abs getting stronger or Wow, this vegetable chopper really does make it easy. Soon after, other members of the group are discharge along with the stated opinions of the original users, and people at home begin to agree with the group too, possibly to the point of purchasing the product. Specific companies using this technique include Ronco, Body by Jake, and Tae-bo.Pampered Chef kitchen shows work in a similar way, and depend on stated opinions of kitchen experts and groups of friends. As the host displays and uses a variety of kitchen products , showing how helpful, easy, and fun to use they are, other members of the group may try them out and voice similar opinions. A person who may not have otherwise been excited by a cooking gemstone or apple corer/peeler/slicer soon finds these products as amazing as the other members of the group, and has ordered them without loose a second thought as to when she will actually use them.People often find it very difficult to go against the positive opinions of icon critics and reviewers. When showing commercials for films, the previews include such statements as The funniest movie of the year, Absolutely phenomenal or The best drama since (fill in the blank). Claims such as these, especially from apt critics and publications, are difficult to disagree with and tend to sway people to go see the movie. For example, a person sees a movie on opening day before it is heavily advertised.This person thinks the movie is ok, but does not recommend it to any friends or family to see. Howev er, after watching several ads on television in which positive claims are made about the movie, the person may change his/her opinion to go along with these claims. Suddenly, the movie seems better, and the individual finds him/herself agreeing with the critics and recommending the movie to others. This may be because he/she does not want to be the only one who thinks differently, or because the critics have greater expertise on movies.

Physical Therapist Report Essay Example for Free

Physical Therapist report EssayThe career Im most interested in is Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy is replacement concerned with the restoration of function and prevention of physical disability following disease, injury or exit of body parts. (www. emonetwork. org/terms. asp) Physical Therapist fox a very direct relationship with their patients and work with them everywhere a period of time to help them become more mobile. There are numerous reasons why I neediness to become a physical therapist. Science, since I can remember, has always been my favorite and stovepipe subject in give instruction. Its what I find the most interesting and learn the easiest. Life Science, Biology, Chemistry, and natural philosophy are all courses I have enjoyed taking. Ive always known I was going to do something in the Healthcare Profession as a career but I never knew what until recently. I chose physical therapy because its not as much school as a doctor would go through, its great pa y, you get to help patients live a better life, you get a lot of benefits including wellness insurance, and employment is expected to grow much faster then the come.Physical therapist earn an average salary of $70,000. They also get paid vacations. Helping people everyday and watching them progress is something I would enjoy doing in life. Physical therapist spend about seven years in school total depending on how long it takes you to complete your undergraduate full stop. afterwards completing your undergraduate degree you would have to go through an accredited Physical therapist graduate school, which takes about three years.I fancy on going either to Sonoma State University or CSU East Bay to complete my undergraduate degree in kinesiology. After that I want to go to graduate school at the University of California San Francisco. Where After I complete my Masters and become a licensed physical therapist I want to move to Southern California and work in a hospital down there. A fter a few years I want to open my own physical therapy business and be self-employed in my own private practice.

The most energy Essay Example for Free

The most pushing Essay even up sure its on the same flame all the time. Make sure its the same amount of irrigate all the time (20cm ) Make sure the etna burner isnt too close to the test tube. Stir the wet before taking the temperature. Always weigh the crisp each time. RISK MINIMISING RISK Burning judicial system Use bench mats Tripping over stools or bags Stools and bags under benches Burning of copper Tie hair back Damaging of eyes Wear safety goggles Paper spateting alight muscular desks, clear of paper Burning or scolding hands Use tongs and set Bunsen burner to safety flame Accuracy and reliability This experiment is fairly accurate but not c%. To prove the reliability of the experiment we decided to do 3 trials of each crisp type and set to an average. The reliability is good also if you make sure its a fair test. Results 1. Crisp type cheese and Onion French fry. Results 3. Crisp type Ready Salted hula-hula Hoops Trial no 1 2 3 Average battalion of crisps (g ) 0.These results look fairly reliable, the fix varies quite a lot between each crisp type as the Peak potatoes crisps on average argon 0. 26g and the Walkers Lite argon 0. 75g. The temperature increase has turned by very high comp bed to the other crisps, but this is plausibly because it has a higher fat content than the rest. The equation to find out how much ENERGY RELEASED from 100g of crisp. Mass of pissing (20cm ) X Temp difference X 4. 2 = Energy Released J/_______g J/________g mass of crisp (J/1g) X 100 (J/100g) 1000 (KJ/100g) = Energy Released from 100g of crisp KJ/100g.Average Energy Released per 100g French Fries 1 7 Peak Potato 56 + 115. 2 +90 KJ/100g = 261. 2 3 = 87. 1 Ready Salted Walkers 240 + 247. 8 +108. 6 KJ/100g = 198. 8 3 = 198. 5 hula Hoops 36 French Fries Peak Potatoes Hula Hoops Walkers Lite 144. 7 KJ/100g 87. 1 KJ/100g 348. 7 KJ/100g 198. 5 KJ/100g Analysing and Evaluating my results. There is no pattern in my graph that I merchantman see, the highest a verage energy released is Hula Hoops, and this is strange because the highest fat content is Walkers with 34g whereas Hula Hoops is only 28.1g. I predicted that the crisps with the highest fat content go away release the most energy, but this is not true because of my ridiculous results. My method could have been a chomp better by being more accurate. If I was to do this again I would redo the Hula Hoops and Walker Lite to make sure they are completely accurate. Im not sure how theses anomalous results occurred it could be my calculations or results that are inaccurate. I could extend this investigation by looking at divers(prenominal) the sizes of the crisps and how much energy they release or a different food similar to crisps.From my results and the manufacturing businesss results I can see there is a big difference this is because the manufacturer uses a calorimeter. The body uses energy to dole out vital functions and maintain itself at a constant temperature. By using a C alorimeter scientists have establish the amounts of energy in the bodys fuels-carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. When you read the nutritional information on the foods packets you buy, the amount of calories in the food are stated. This is not the total energy in the food, but the amount of biologically available calories, i. e. the amount of energy in the food that your body can metabolise.A calorimeter of the type invented by Rubner is used to obtain these measurements. The manufacturer most likely used a calorimeter to measure the energy value in their crisps. This would have been tried and true numerous times under very controlled circumstances. In a calorimeter, all the heat given dispatch by the food is transferred to a known quantity of water, which rises in temperature. It takes 4. 2 joules of heat to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1oc. I think I have anomalous results because of the way I held the walkers crisp as it is the only odd one I think that maybe where the tweezers were holding the crisp.The results on my graph are meant to go up in a straight line but it doesnt as the Walkers crisps result is out of place. From my results I can see my prediction is heading in the right way. The crisps with the highest fat content are Hula Hoops with 34g and I predicted that this would have the highest amount of released energy which would be true if my Walkers results were correct. Show dawdler only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in ourGCSE Electricity and Magnetismsection.

Ethnic Identity Is an Interactional Identity Essay Example for Free

ethnical Identity Is an Interactional Identity EssayThe script ethnic that we use in our daily lifetime sometimes can be related to foreign origins, unusual, different, unique, traditional, and has cultural relation. Actually, the word of ethnic came from the Greek word ethnos used by Homer in Iliad on 7-8th BC which indicates a group of nation that is different from us. However, as the time move forward, the word ethnic has been understood as verbalise above (foreign, unusual, different, unique, traditional, and cultural related).As I understand, ethnic group can be defined as a group of people that belief they share the same ancestry, history, cultural traits such as lecture and religion which are different from other group. Some said ethnic group is equal as cultural group. However, Edmund Leach who studied Kachin people in Burma (Myanmar) argued that by assuming that there are no differences between ethnic group and cultural group will lead to failure in addressing mot ley aspects of ethnic phenomena (Dr. Rie Nakamuras slide, What is an Ethnic Group? Ethnic troubles Theories of Ethnicity).The question here, what is the concept of ethnic individualism as interactional identity? Before I explain further, I would like to define what ethnic identity is. According to Kanchan Chandra (2006), ethnic identity means an individual is eligible to be a member by determined his identity. There are four major comp starnts of ethnic identity 1. Ethnic awareness (understanding of ones own and other groups) 2. Ethnic self-identification (label used for ones own group) 3. Ethnic attitudes (feeling most own and other groups) 4. Ethnic behaviors (behavior patterns specific to an ethnic group).

Bill Gates had been friends since high school Essay Example for Free

crown provide had been friends since high school Es verbalizemicroph one Basset and bloom Gates had been friends since high school. Theyd competed for 1st status each the time. Theyd spent hours to demoralizeher writing electronic computing machine programs even before people heard in programming. They grew up together and even went to university and were joint top students. They both went in the programming business and currently each opened their own computing machine company Bill named his Microsoft and microphone c solelyed it Compufriek. Bill was very(prenominal) palmy and was very famous his products alone across the globe he was well know for Windows and Microsoft take outice. On the otherwise hand Mike was very good provided only known in the United States but still lacking behind Bill. They both got married and had children. Mikes wife Jenny was very jealous of tie Mrs. Gates shoe always used to talk roughly how successful her husband is and the contact s he offs with Difrent Companys across the existence. Mike is also fed up his only ambition from when he was a boy was to assort the go around computer company and here his best friend his standing in his way. One twenty-four hours Mr. Mrs. Gates invited the Bassets for a barbecue in their new mansion.It was exactly noon when the Bassets arrived at the Gates. Hello Mike express Bill, hows things going? he asked. Alright replied Mike. They sat down at a table, Bill has disregard all the servants so they could spend rough time together and do everything akin the old geezerhood. I have just signed a deal with the Japanese, Worth a lot saying Bill as proud as it gets. Good I wish the best for you replied Mike but in a not meaning it sort of way. I am fed up of this hes always pageant ab verboten himself, oh I wish I was as rich and famous like Bill he was saying to himself.The day went on and they had dinner. The next day Mikes wife counterbalanceed to nag she kept saying how get down youre not as rich as bill and youre better than him, he couldnt take it. That day he wanted to eat Chinese he went to his favorite Chinese restaurant Chin Dragon. They ate dinner and after a waitress came up to them, do you want to try our new fortune cookies some people have been very lucky and even at that place dreams came aline she said. Well ok get us two, replied Mike Right away said the waitress. She went and came back after five minutes carrying a plate with 2 cookies.There you go, said the waitress Mike took his and snapped it in half and took the paper out. What does it say? Asked Mikes wife. Fame and fortune leave behind come very soon, replied Mike. His wife then takes hers and snaps it in half and took her paper. Mines says your loved ones will be rich and famous She told Mike. Can it be that my dream will finally come true? He said to himself. What does this mean? Asked Jenny. I dont know Mike replied. But lets go home Im tire and I need a rest h e said. When they got home Mike couldnt stop thinking about the fortune cookies.He kept wondering was this just a coincidence that he got this in a fortune cookie, even Jenny his wife got the same thing. Can this be true can his intent ambition come true? No he thought it has to be a coincidence. That night he couldnt sleep. He kept thinking if this was true what was going to bring him this fame and fortune? All hes working on at this moment is a simple hacking program for him self because of free time. His wife wakes up. She asks him why isnt he asleep. He tells her what hes thinking about and she says, I dont think your going to get fame and fortune just like thatWhat do you mean? he replied Well, that hacking program youre working on for fun she says. Yes what about it? he replies anxiously. Is it advocate full? She asks. Yeah its pretty good he replies but doesnt have a clue whats all this got to do with his fortune. Why dont you access Bills accuses and find out what hes p lanning? she says piano. You want me to betray my best friend. No forget about it he replied angrily and went to bed. The next day he gets up and goes on his computer to do a bit of work. He kept working on his hacking program until it was finished. Honey he called.Ive finished my program. Jenny walks in and congratulates him Well no you need to test it she said. Test it? he replied. Who on? I jargoon try it on anyone its illegal Well test it on Bills I am sure he wont mind, you are his best friend she tells him Just see if it works right on and the switch it off Well ok he replies and starts to test it he started to input and few add up and letters and the put search. Bills name came up on the screen. He accessed his computer. Look whats that? asked Jenny Oh it will be some of his files Ill close it now I know it works he saidNo Jenny said, just have a quick look, it wont hurt He sat there looking at Bill Gates files. His ambition took control of him. He spotted a file na med big plan. He began looking through it. It was a massive program what was going to change the world. He froze. All his flavour he wanted fame and now he could get it but at his best friends cost. Jenny kept telling him to copy the file then alter it for him so he goes wrong. She called him a coward. He didnt know what to do. His wife kept nagging him. He finally surrendered to his ambition and downloaded the file to his computer and started to alter Bills file completely.Jenny kept saying how wonderful he was and encouraged him to carry on. He was finished. He worked day and night on this program until one day he had finished it. Bill rang him up that day and said that his whole life just went wrong. The program contract with the Japs he make has fallen because his program didnt work. Now he has to pay Billions of pounds in compensation and at the moment cant pay that amount so he had to sell half his company. At that moment guilt started to get down in Mikes heart. His best fr iends life has collapsed but his road is open. He felt very sorry for him and said he was busy.In the following week Mike made a contract with the British. He sell them Bills program for a 30 billion contract he got 50% of the shares. His name was known all across the globe and his program sold very fast. But now he was feeling very guilty hes now the famous rich and famous one while his friend was under debt. In those weeks Bill didnt even find out about Mike he was to busy sorting out his problem. He went and says the program a computer competition. He was absolutely stunned when it had looked just like the one he made. He gets a bit suspicious and goes to Mikes home straight away.When he got there he didnt even say hello to Mike the first thing he said was that program of yours when did you start making it? Mike hesitated a bit knowing Bills suspicion he replies oh Ive been on this special expulsion for a long time, Its been a secret Bill talked to him about it and went back ho me. Mike was feeling afflictive he probably just lost his best friend. His guilt grew more and more over the days past. He didnt hear from Bill for a while now and was really scared. What he didnt know was at this time Bill was trying to see if anyone had hacked is computer.He knew that it couldnt be just anyone because his computer was protected with duplication security. Bill spent hours trying to track down the thief. One day when Bill was on his computer he was going through a list of who opened the computer and when he say a weird number. He tried to find out what it meant but couldnt. Meanwhile Mike was not jumper lead a happy life. He was rich and famous. Didnt even see his wife, she was always out and about. He couldnt go out and show his face to the public they would just give him credit for the new program and that would make things worse.One week later something very unexpected happened when Mike was at home. The F. B. I came knocking at his door. Can I help you? he a sked Would you please come with us? they replied. What seems to be the matter? Mike asked knowing he was caught. You are under arrest for hacking into someones computer and steeling ideas and programs. They replied in a disappointed impression of voice. At that moment he knew his life was over his ambition just destroyed his life. He went quietly with them. As stepping out of their car and going towards the police station he says Bill.Im sorry, he said to him. From all the people I didnt want to think it was you he replied in a disappointed way. Mike walked off with the agents and into the station. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison. All of the money from the program went to Bill Gates and he got all the credit. He managed to by back all his company and start dominating the computer world once again. Mike was finished he would never write another computer program again. Bills life returned to normal except for one thing he had no best friend beside him.

Erasmus vs Luther; Discourse on Free

Erasmus vs Luther Discourse on put out Will EssayThe Erasmus-Luther Discourse on Free Will begins with the Diatribe concerning throw in the towel pass on, written by Erasmus. Luther then refutes Erasmus Diatribe with The Bondage of the Will. The question being debated is whether man is in control of his own leave behind, or whether eitherthing is preordained by God, thus leaving man without free will. Their diverging philosophies f altogether in been interpreted as being the basic difference between Catholic and Protestant positions regarding free will. This debate offers two in truth conflicting views, although both philosophies were basic principles in their respective religions. Erasmus builds his statement without a solid foundation like building a house without a foundation, it can substantially crumble. consequently, Luther convincingly attacks Erasmus Diatribe. Erasmus prevails that man is left with the choice of doing either good or evil. It is mans choice and therefore, free will exists. In the opinion of Erasmus, the freedom of the will in Holy Scriptures is as follows if on the road to piety, hotshot should continue eagerly to improve if one has become involved in sin, one should make every effort to extricate oneself, and to solicit the mercy of the Lord.Two conclusions concerning Erasmus beliefs can be drawn from this statement foremost that man can himself find repentance and secondly that God is infallible, meaning that a person engages in evil acts with his own will. The definition of free will given by Erasmus is the power of the military personnel will whereby man can apply to or turn away from that which leads unto without end salvation. trance addressing the topic of rapture and Eve, Erasmus states, In man, will was so good and so free that even without additional grace it could vex remained in a state of innocence, though not without help of grace could it attain the blessedness of eternal life, as the Lord Jesus promis ed his people. Erasmus, therefore, believes eternal salvation is attainable with the help and mercy of God, merely Erasmus in addition believes that Adam and Eve caused man to adopt original sin. Erasmus goes on to write, In those without extraordinary grace the source is darkened, but not extinguished.Probably the same occurs to the power of the will it is not completely extinct but unproductive of virtuous deeds. In short Erasmus believed that man has free will and therefore is punished or rewarded according to the choices he makes. He backs his billet with many retells from the scripture but so does Luther, thus the argument shifts, and the sense of scripture is the debate. Luther, who wrote The Bondage of the Will to refute what Erasmus had written in the Diatribe, disagrees stating that man does not have freedom of the will.In the first few pages, Luther proclaims The Holy Scripture is no skeptic, and what He has written into our patrol wagon are no doubts or opinions, but assertions more certain and more firm that all human experience in life itself. Furthermore, he goes on to say The essence of Christianity which you (Erasmus) describe is without Christ, without the Spirit, and chillier than ice Luther direct implies that Erasmus has not been saved. Luther abhors those who claim to be self-reformers, once again contradicting Erasmus. You say Who will reform his life? I answer NobodyNo man can God has no time for you self-reformers, for they are all hypocrites. The elect who fear God will be reformed by the Holy Spirit. Perhaps the quote that best exemplifies Luthers position is as follows Thus the human will is like the beast of burden. If God rides it, it wills and goes consequently God wills as the Psalm says, I was a beast of burden before thee (Psalm 7222) If daystar rides, it wills and goes where Satan wills. Nor may it choose to which rider it will run, nor which it will seek. But the riders themselves contend who shall have and hol d it. This philosophy contends that both good and evil are worked by a higher being. Both authors in this work make reference to Judas and his betrayal of Christ. Both parties acknowledge the foreknowledge of God, but Luther proclaims that God willed it. Thus the Protestant faith grew on the principles of predestination and the absolute belief that the scriptures are to be interpreted literally. At no point does Luther ever stray from the central point of his refutation, proving Erasmus wrong by presenting the conclusive point needed. Erasmus, on the other hand, never really plants his feet in this argument.Erasmus covers his tracks by changing the terms of the debate passim his work. For example, Erasmus fails to define the limits within which the reader should think that the will is being acted upon. One can not decide that Erasmus does not fully believe what he states in his Diatribe, but he admittedly discloses I have always preferred playing the freer field of the muses, tha n fighting ironclad in close combat. Erasmus proclaims that their debate is in the sense of scripture, yet how can one who defends free will pigeonhole the interpretation of the reader?Luther is overmuch more direct in laying out his arguments and criticizes Erasmus for stating a bare definition without explaining its parts. The debate has very much become a personal matter by the time Luthers discourse commences. There is no mutual agreement whatsoever, thus it is easy to see why the views of Catholics and Protestants were so divergent. Erasmus is all the way trying to commute his readers, most particularly Luther, that free will does indeed exist. Luther continues to stay his course and states that God wills all. Everything is preordained, evil included.Of the assertions, Luther just states one must delight in assertions to be a Christian at all While Erasmus seems leery to take a firm stance in his debate, he is changing the circumstances of the debate, which clearly is an attempt to prevent Luther from pinning him down in Luthers The Bondage of the Will. After thoroughly refuting everything Erasmus has stated, Luther proclaims that Erasmus has asserted nobody but made comparisons . Whether there be complete merit in either mans philosophy, Luther has quite convincingly made Erasmus position appear flawed.

Knowing Minds Is A Matter Of Authority Essay Example for Free

Knowing Minds Is A Matter Of Authority EssayThe opinion or the concept that I wanted to discuss which I ascend most interesting is the poem What a Wonderful World by Louis Armstrong. I find it interesting because of the details on how he described things around him. He mentioned seeing trees of green and loss roses and he can even see them bloom. How the tress feed the birds and how the birds scatter the seeds, how the flower provides foods for butterflies and how the butterflies transfer the pollen, they care from each one other to survive. Armstrong uses variety of phrases to describe the beauty of nature. His words persuaded me so much that after auditory modality the song, I myself also find the world so perfect, so beautiful, and so magical. The concept or idea that I found to be problematic is Antonio Damasios studies about Spinoza. He discuss in details the benevolent mind and behavior, stressing on emotion and feelings, decision-making, recollection, communication, and imagination.It was a redeeming(prenominal) stuff and he was indeed very good when he discuss things in his books, however I consider it to be problematic because it didnt root all the questions being asked. I find his idea about equating the human natures equal to bad condescending and biased. I believe that each human being is naturedly good and if addicted a chance to do good will do right. We have one thing in common we are all human being . And it is already innate of us to be humane.We were created in Gods image and being the reflection of our good Maker man in his truest sense experience is good. The book entitled Mind Into Matter, by physicist Fred Alan Wolf, resonates the Knowing Minds Is A Matter Of Authority by Rupert Stasch. They both support an idea about the importance of the mind and how it controls everything in the human body. They support each other ideas about the mind, the human will, and how it affects ones behavior toward something.

The female monster Essay Example for Free

The feminine monster EssayMary Shelley has constructed her gothic novel, Frankenstein, to include an array of peaceable female leads. This would not be unheard of in 1818, however Shelley was the daughter of an important feminist, and she herself possessed galore(postnominal) of these same values and perspectives. With that in mind it can easily been understood that Shelley has constructed her novel to purposely be almost devoid of strong female leads in order criticise the social stereotypes of her time and the women who conformed to these, go the men in their lives dominated them. Shelley directly contrasts her passive characters to that of Safie, who is a relative success story compargond with the heap of the new(prenominal) female characters. Safie embodies the life that women can have if they challenge their inferior role in ordination and this can be shown through analyses and comparisons of and between her and characters such as Justine, Caroline, Elizabeth and the female creature.Safie is used to highlight the passiveness of the other female characters. She contradicts the stereotype that women should adopt a mother-like role as a carer and guardian. She challenges the domesticated, family orientated and wrong imagery of women who are dependant on men to support their lifestyle. Safies contradictory personality is shown through received quotes in the novel, such as when it is stated that, When alone, Safie resolved in her own mind the plan of make out that it would be her to pursue. The use of the phrase resolvedin her own mind indicates a level of individual thought that the other females do not posses due to the restraints placed on them by society and the men who exert tally over them.A strong contrast can be made between the characterisation of Safie in comparison to other female characters in the novel. This was done with purposeful intent to convey that women can be equal if they challenge their social stereotypes. Of course Safie st misery displays feminine qualities, which can be seen in Frankenstein when she nurses her ill attendant with devoted attention a compassionate trait that conforms to the expectations of women. Despite this, Safie still remains the un slight surviving female protagonist of Frankenstein, then being the embodiment of what women are able to accomplish if lonesome(prenominal) they were to be brave enough to break free of their restraints and strive for change.Justine Moritz is an example of a submissive female character that conforms to societys expectations that women should be weak, beautiful and unrecognised as an important part of society. Justine is the target of pity from both the audience and other characters in the text from the very start because she was rescued from a broken family with an ignominious mother and dying siblings. Justine is thence wrongly accused of the murder of William Frankenstein however, despite her innocence she confesses to the crime because it is what is judge of her. Justine represents the stereotype of how women are expected to be well endowed in carriage and she is often depict by other characters as very clever and gentle and extremely pretty and Elizabeth spoke of Justines lenity and winning mildness.These traits are all representations of Justines conformity to societys expectations. Throughout her trial, Justine makes little effort to protest her innocence and accepts saturnine guilt for the crime, God knows how entirely I am innocent. But I do not prepare that my protestations should acquit me. This is also support when she states, I must be condemned, although I would pledge my salvation on my innocence. Justine confesses because of her weakness under the judgemental glare of society, and is executed as a result. Through Justines experiences, Mary Shelley is highlighting the banish consequences of giving in to the pressures of society.Shelley is showing that if Justine was to have remained strong and proteste d her unjust trial, which was a direct result of her gender, then she may have been able to save herself and place the seed of doubt within the judgemental stereotypes of society, to rise higher up the oppression placed upon her by men. This contrasts with the assertive nature of Safie, who does not allow herself to be oppressed by the men in her life, mainly her father, and instead chooses to create a fate of her own choosing.Even less significant, but still present is the female monster, so passive it does not even achieve life, thus supporting that women have little, if any, outstanding role in Frankenstein. The creation of the female monster is absorbed by Victor in vexation of being unable to control her actions. This signifies that women are oppressed in the fear that the will be uncontrollable. This is supported when Victor states, she might become ten thousand times more than malignant than her mate signifying his fear of being unable to control her. The importance and ex pectations of feminine beauty are also impressed upon readers through the female monster.Shelley is conveying the importance that appearance plays in determining our roles and condition in society and showing that if a woman should lack this quality then they will typesetters case the harsh reality of how truly cruel society can be in its rejection of the ugly. This is also supported when Victor is thinking about his female creation and says, the creaturealreadyloathed his deformity, and might he not conceive a greater abhorrence for it when it came before his eyes in the female form.This expectation for women is also shown when Victor says he is concerned with the outward substance of things. Shelley is therefore criticising the submissive nature of those women in society who both do and do not possess the flattering looks expected of them for not challenging this. Safie, although beautiful, does not allow her appearance to determine the path her life will take and refuses confor m and let her father control her.

Fruit Processing Industry In Himachal Pradesh Commerce Essay

harvest-home Processing Industry In Himachal Pradesh Commerce EssayThe purpose of this paper is to study the crop process industry in Himachal Pradesh. This study focuses on three major(ip) functional atomic number 18as of industry i.e. plant might utilisation, procurance and dispersion agreement and selling problems. The study finds that plant strength is chthonicutilised and there is crucial experience (X2 (1)=8.713,pConsumption of processed issue products started since time immemorial. The production was mainly for private plate consumption and technical production started very late. The formal set up of proceeds touch on for commercial purpose started with the penury arising from defence forces. Dietary habits in the urban argonas be rapidly lowgoing changes because of the factors like inadequacy of storage readiness for fresh fruits at home, scarcity of time and ready availability of these products. The pattern of traditional social grammatical constructi on shows that women stay at home and men folk argon at naturalise, but with the emergence of atomic families and increased number of on the job(p) women, there is increased need for ready to eat or degenerate foods. Fruits atomic number 18 an important nutritional requirement of human beings, as these fruits not only meet forcible needs to some extent but also supply vitamins and minerals which improve the quality of diet and give health. It is therefore, necessary to ensure their availability throughout the division in fresh, processed or preserved forms. piece over there has been remarkable change in agri-food business during 1980s and 1990s. This was due to greater submersion in agricultural inputs and food distribution, the increasing importance of food quality and safety, and intensifying role of knowledge and logistic applied science. The total production of fruits in the world is around 370 cardinal MT India roams first in the production of fruits at 32 Million M T which is around 8 percent of world fruit production. The international trade of processed fruit products is around US$ 9200 million. The installed capacity of fruits and vege postpones processing (FPO Licensed units) is 2.1 million tonnes (MOFPI) and the level of processing of fruit and vegetables in India is 2.02 percent. The low level of processing may be ascribed to want of processable quality of fruits, seasonal spirit of the fruits, and poor infrastructural and post harvest facilities.Fruits are processed into various products much(prenominal) as fruit juice and concentrates, canned fruits, dehydrated fruits, Jams, and Jellies etc. According to the Food and Agriculture event (FAO, 2006) major fruit processing work outries of the world are Brazil, ground forces, Italy, Spain, Mexico, France, Turkey and Philippines. The level of processing as ploughshare of total fruit production in the major fruit processing countries is as follows UK (88%), Malaysia (80%), Philippines (78%), Brazil (70%), USA (60-70%), Israel (50%), Thailand (30%), and China (23%). The total area under fruit in Himachal Pradesh is intimately 2.07 Lac hectares with a production of about 5.00 Lac MTs of all kinds of fruits. Apple is the major fruit accounting for to a greater extent than 40% of total area under fruits and about 88% of total fruit production. There are 36,845, micro, small, medium and large scale enterprises of which 444 are in medium and large scale registered with the Department of Industries Government of Himachal Pradesh with an investment of Rs. 10408.41 crore and employment of about 2.42 lakh persons. (Directorate of Industries Govt. Of HP)Himachal Pradesh experiences diverse agro-climatic conditions varying from sub-tropical to humid temperate and shabby deserts. The topographical and latitudinal differences accompanied by fertilizable and well irrigated land makes it convenient to cultivate temperate to sub-tropical fruits.The ground has been classifi ed basically into deuce categories namely, industrially developing areas and Industrially reflexive areas. The blocks of Poanta Sahib and Nahan in district Sirmour, Nalagarh and Dharmpur in district Solan, excluding backward panchayats as notified by the government of Himachal Pradesh from time to time fall in the category of industrially developing areas. The easement of the state including industrially backward panchayats and industrially developing areas referred above fall in the category of industrially backward areas. Tribal areas of the state, as notified from time to time bring on been treated as tax-free Industrial zone.In her effort in processing the huge production of fruits, Himachal Pradesh established its first experimental canning unit in Shimla in the year 1959-60, and its production capacity was enhanced in 1961-62 (Directorate of Horticulture, 2005, Rattan, et.al 2000, Parmar, 2002). The main objective was to utilize the unsalable surplus of fruits in the state as also to Standardize recipes for the preparation of products of horticulture production in the state, yield community canning renovation to the prospective entrepreneur, Educating and training in the preservation of fruit and vegetable at household level.In couch to execute a fuddle of world bank the state government incorporated, Himachal Pradesh hold market and Processing Corporation Limited (hpmc) in 1974 as a subsidiary of Himachal Pradesh Agro. Industries Corporation Limited. The project also helped in imparting training to the officials of hpmc and state Department of Horticulture in newfangled post-harvest handling system. cloak-and-dagger participants in this industry are also producing fruit products at micro, small, medium and large scale. The total fruit and vegetable processing capacity in the state is 55, 000 tones/annum. (Economic Survey 2003-04, hpmc, Directorate of horticulture HP, 2005).The micro, small, and medium scale under micro, small and medium ent erprises Act. 2006 (MSME Act 2006) classifies the enterprises in India as followsFigure 1. variety of enterprisesSr. noClassification of industrial enterprisesInvestment limit in plant and machinery of manufacturing enterpriseInvestment limit of equipments in service enterprises1micro enterprisesUp to Rs. 25 LakhUp to Rs. 10 Lakh2 minuscule enterprisesAbove Rs. 25 Lakh and up to Rs. 5 CroreAbove Rs. 10 Lakh and up to Rs. Crore3 moderate enterprisesAbove Rs. 5crore and up to Rs. 10 CroreAbove Rs. 2 crore and up to Rs. 5 Crore4 declamatory enterprises (not classified under MSME)More than Rs. 10 CroreMore than Rs. 5 CroreSource MSME Act. 2006OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo study the spatial relation of plant capacity utilisation in fruit processing industry in HP,To examine the procural system of fruits and distribution system of fruit products, andTo study the problems set about by the industry in merchandise its products.In order to fulfil the objectives following hypothesis has been formulated for testing.HypothesisH01= there is no kindred between plant capacity utilisation and scale of operation of fruit processing industry.H01a= there is no relationship between plant capacity utilisation and type of applied science employed.H02= Fruit procural system is positively related to the fruit products distribution system.H03= there is no relationship between the marketing problems faced by the units and sale of the produce.METHODOLOGYData Sources The data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. patriarchal data has been collected by administering a unified questionnaire for the producers of fruit products in Himachal Pradesh. Sources of secondary data are Directorate of Horticulture HP, Directorate of industries HP, National Horticulture Board, HPMC, NCAER and journal and magazines from different libraries.Sample A sample of seventy fruit processing units has been selected from all over the state on convenient sampling basis. This sample compr ises of 31 Micro scale, 15 Small scale, 11 Medium scale and 13 Large scale units.Questionnaire A structured questionnaire has been developed to collect the information personally regarding, general information about producers, product they produce, plant capacity utilisation and the technology, procurement and distribution system and marketing problems. The reliability of the questionnaire ranges between Cronbach alpha .657 to .821.Analysis statistical techniques like Mean, Standard deviation, Percent, rank and Loglinear analysis has been use for the analysis. Rank has been deliberate by assigning rank one for the most important variable and last for least important variable. The weights are also designate as one to the most important and two to the second important variable and so on, indeed finally variable with least final score shall be the most important variable. Loglinear analysis has been used to analyse three categorical variables i.e. scale of operation (four categories , Micro, Small, Medium and Large case units), typewrite of technology (two categories, Traditional technology and Modern technology) and plant capacity utilisation (two categories, Underutilised and Fully utilised). Those units that convey not updated their technology for last ten years are put under the traditional technology category and units that have updated their technology at heart ten years are put under modern technology category.RESULTS AND passwordFruit Processing Industry Plant cognitive content Utilisation and Type of engineering scienceThere are seventy fruit Processing Units out of which 44.3% are Micro eggshell, 21.4 % Small Scale 15.7% Medium Scale and 18.6% are in large Scale.Table 1 Sample Characteristics, n=70 Figure 2.Type of unitNPercentageMicro Scale3144.3Small Scale1521.4Medium Scale1115.7Large Scale1318.6 append70100Major products The major products produced in the state are jam 85.7%, jelly 41.4%, candy 40%, sauce 63.8%, ketchup 62.9%, dally 77.1%, juice 82.9% and pickle 62.9%. Other products produced occasionally are Murabba, chutney and marmalade accounting for 8.6 % of the total produce.Working indite It is necessary to know whether seasonal nature of the fruits affects the operations of producers. Data regarding number of busy/slack working months in a year, total working eld in a month and total working hours a day show that 70 % of respondents have 1-4 busy working months in a year and rest 30 % have 4-8 busy working months in a year. During busy months 11.4% respondents work for 15-20 days in a month and 88.5% work between 20-25 days in a month. All the respondents work for 8-12 hours in busy working month.A majority of respondents (70%) face slack period for 4-8 months and 30% face slack period for 1-4 months. During slack period 82.9 % work for 15-20 days in a month and rest 17.1% work for 20-25 days in a month. 11.4% respondents work for 1-4 hours and 88.6% work for 4-8 hours during slack period.Table 2. Working pen of the fruit processing units in Himachal PradeshVariablesBusy working monthsSlack working MonthsN*PercentageN*PercentageWorking months1-4497021305-8213049709-12Working days15-20811.45882.921-256288.91217.126-31Working hours1-4811.45-86288.69-1270100N*-Number of RespondentsTable 3(a). Scale of Operation, Plant energy Utilisation and type of Technology (Data Information)NcasesValid70Out of rangea0Missing0Weighted Valid70CategoriesScale of Operation4Plant Capacity Utilisation2Type of Technology2a. Cases jilted because of out of range factor value.Table 3(b). K- substance and Higher-Order EffectsKdfLikelihood proportionalityPearsonNumber of IterationsChi-SquareSig.Chi-SquareSig.K-way and high(prenominal)(prenominal) order effectsa11564.349.000100.057.000021014.801.14014.559.1492333.174.3663.170.3663K-way effectsb1549.548.00085.498.00002711.626.11411.389.1230333.174.3663.170.3660a.Tests that K-way and higher order effects are zero.b.Tests that K-way effects are zero.The initia l output from loglinear analysis shows that there are 70 cases and three categorical variables, the first variable has four categories (scale of operation) and separate two variables have two categories each plant capacity utilisation and type of technology respectively) . In Table K-way and higher order effects Likelihood ratio and Pearson chi-square for K=1 are significant representing that removing this effect will significantly affect the fit of the model. However K=2 and 3 are not significant, therefore removing these effects will not affect the fit of the model.Table 3(c). Step SummaryStepaEffectChi-SquarecdfSig.Number of iterationsGenerating ClassbCapacity*Technology*Scale6.7949.658Deleted Effect 1Capacity*Technology8.0061.00522Scale12.8833.0082a. At each stride, the effect with the largest significance level for the Likelihood balance Change is deleted, provided the significance level is larger than .050.b. Statistics are displayed for the best model at each step after s tep 0.c. For Deleted Effect, this is the change in the Chi-Square after the effect is deleted from the model.Table 3(d). overtone AssociationsEffectsdfPartial Chi-squareSig.Number of IterationsScale*Capacity32.310.5112Scale*Technology31.152.7652Capacity*Technology17.848.0052Scale312.883.0052Capacity119.431.0002Technology117.234.0002The K-way and higher order effects for K=2 shows combined two way effect (i.e. Scale*Technology, Scale*Capacity, Capacity*Technology) which is not significant, However Step summary and fond(p) affiliation analysis break down the combined effect into individual effects, which is significant for Capacity*technology. This is also support by Z statistics as the important fundamental interaction. The effect size in loglinear analysis (Capacity*Technology) for Odds ratios is calculated as 5.5. This ratio indicates that odds for wide of the mark plant capacity utilisation in units using modern technology are 5.5 times the odds for units using traditional tec hnology. The one way interaction (the main effect) of scale, capacity and technology is also significant, indicating that one way interaction is important for this model. hence, the analysis seems to reveal rudimentary difference between units using traditional and modern technology units with traditional technology are more likely to face problem of underutilisation than the modern technology.Table 3(e). Goodness of Fit testsChi-SquaredfSig.Likelihood Ratio6.7949.569Pearson6.8959.648Table 3(b). deals with the backward elimination. This indicates that deleting three way interaction (Capacity*Technology*Scale ) will not have significant effect on our model, however deleting two way interaction(Capacity*Technology), and one way interaction (Scale ) will have significant effect on our model.The non-significant value of likelihood ratio and Pearson Chi-Square statistics indicate that the evaluate values generated by the model are not significantly different from the observed data. In other words, the model is a honourable fit of data.Table 3(f). Chi-Square TestsValuedfAsymp.Sig.(2-sidedExact Sig. (2-sided)Exact Sig. (1-sided)Point prospectPearson Chi-Square8.713a1.003.005.005Continuity Correctionb6.9331.008Likelihood Ratio8.0061.005.008.005Fishers Exact Test.008.005Linear-by-Linear Association8.589c1.003.005.005.005N of Valid Cases70a.1 cells (25.0%) have payed count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.37.b. Computed only for a 22 table.c. The standardized statistic is 2.931.The reasons for underutilization of plant capacity are seasonal nature of fruits and lack of infrastructure preparedness 87.2%, low demand 84.3%, frequent power cuts 27.1%, working capital problem 10% and lack of trained and skilled labour 5.8 %. It has been found that when products are sold directly to the consumers, the returns are higher than when sold to care agents, the returns are also fair when sold to government and co-operatives.Table 3(d). on partial associations rev eals that the significance level of scale*capacity is .05 indicating that scale of operation and plant capacity utilization are not associated significantly, supporting our null hypothesis (H01). Therefore the results show that under utilization or full utilisation of plant capacity is not related to the fact that the plant is in micro, small, medium or in large scale of operation.Pearson X2 (1)=8.713,p procurement of Fruits and dissemination of Fruit ProductsThe industry has to rely on fivefold sources for procuring fruits. A few units are having contractual relationship with farmers for procuring fruits, however they have to offer finance to the farmers for maintaining the orchidaceous plant and repayment is done at the time of harvesting. The selection of farmers and the produce is a challenging task for the processers. In most cases visual inspection of the fruits size, damage level and freshness determines whether to accept the delivery. The selection of farmer principally d epends on the volume of produce and leadership. Government of Himachal Pradesh has introduced Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) for procuring fruits. Himachal Pradesh Horticultural Produce trade and Processing Corporation Ltd (HPMC a state government undertaking) and State department of Horticulture procure fruits which are not suitable for selling in the open market. The processing units may face problem of poor or no packaging, inadequate quality and quantity in the process of procurement.Majority of respondents want to acquire fruits from nearest sources. However if supply is inadequate, then they have to move to other places for getting their demand fulfilled. The findings reveal that 80 percent respondents get fruits at block level, 77.1 percent at tehsil level, 81.4 percent at district level, 55.7percent at state level and 10 percent (mostly in large scale) has to get fruits from outside the state.The growers get goodness price for their produce if producers directly approach them. The fruit procurement system of the industry shows that nearly 87 percent respondents get fruits directly from the growers. The respondents also use other procurement channels like flush agents 61.1 percent, contractors 68.5 percent and government 20 percent.Sale of Produce All respondents sell their produce in the topical anaesthetic market, besides this 86.6 percent sell in neighbouring districts, 70 percent in other states, 4.3 percent each for defence supply, tourism, airlines and for exports. The major reasons for undertaking fruit processing business are availability of fruits locally (57%), tuppeny labour (54.2%), high market demand (22.7 %) produce because their product is easily saleable and high returns of investment (67.1%)Table 4 (a). Relationship between procurement of fruits and distribution of fruit productsFruit Procurement form and fruit Products Distribution SystemStrong Fruit Products Distribution System(FPDS)TotalYesNoFruit Procurement System (FPS)FPS helps strengthen FPDS sum up242549 pass judgment account27.321.749.0% within FPS49.0%51.0%100.0%% within FDPS61.5%80.6%70.0%% of Total34.3%35.7%70.0%Std. Residual-.6.7FPS does not helps strengthen FPDS computation15621Expected Count11.79.321.0% within FPS71.4%28.6%100.0%% within FDPS38.5%19.4%30.0%% of Total21.4%8.6%30.0%Std. Residual1.0-1.1TotalCount393170Expected Count39.031.070.0% within FPS55.7%44.3%100.0%% within FDPS100.0%100.0%100.0%% of Total55.7%44.3%100.0%Table 4 (b). Chi-Square tests (Fruit Procurement System and fruit Products Distribution System)ValuedfAsymp.Sig.(2-sidedExact Sig. (2-sided)Exact Sig. (1-sided)Point chancePearson Chi-Square3.002a1.083.116.070Continuity Correctionb2.1621.142Likelihood Ratio3.0891.079.116.070Fishers Exact Test.116.070Linear-by-Linear Association2.960c1.085.116.070.048N of Valid Cases70a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 10.84.b. Computed only for a 22 tablec. The standardized statistic is -1720 (X2 (1)=3.002,pThe Pearson chi square statistics tests if the two variables are independent. The table 4(b) shows that Pearson chi square is not significant at .05 revealing that fruit procurement system is independent of fruit products distribution system (FDPS). Therefore accepting the null hypothesis (H02) that there is no significant relationship between fruit procurement system (FPS) and fruit products distribution system (FDPS). The results imply that a good dim material procurement system may not have effect on strengthening final product distribution system.Distribution Channels Different types of Distribution channels are used by the fruit processing industry. All units sell directly to consumers and through retailers, 97 percent also sell through commission agents, 49 percent through wholesalers, and 53 percent through distributors.The factors considered while selecting distribution channels are, cloudy analysis of target market by 35.7 percent units, channels preferred by consumers 82.1 percent, potential good working of channel members 90 percent and all respondents consider credit worthiness of channel members in advance selecting them.The responses on storage and tatty storage facility indicate that all the respondents need storage facility but only 24.3 percent have their own cold storage facility. The reasons given for not having cold storage facility are , plant located in the cold region 48.6 percent, immediate rapture available 35.7 percent, government cold storage facility available on hire, 8.6 percent , private cold storage facility available on hire 75.7 percent and lack of funds for 72.9 percent units. selling Problems of Fruit Processing Industry in Himachal PradeshThe marketing and other problems faced by the consumers are shown in table 5. The problems in order of their seriousness are, Poor roads, Poor quality of goods, Higher cost involved, miss of market, neglect of transport facility, Lack of publicity, Lack of storage, La ck of cold storage, Lack of packaging material, no. availability of credit, Lack organised marketing system, Lack of procurement system, Perishable nature of products, place from roads, Only limited consumers, Distance from city/town, and Ignorance about market.Table 5. Marketing problems ranked on the basis of importanceSr. No.VariableFinal ScoreFinal Rank1Lack of transport facility343V2Lack of storage506VII3Lack of cold storage533VIII4Poor roads119I5Lack of market294IV6Ignorance about market1119XVII7Poor quality of raw material203II8High path cost involved264III9Lack of publicity416VI10Perishable nature of products893XIII11Limited consumers/Lack of demand1079XV12Lack organised marketing system776XI13Lack of packaging material632IX14Lack of procurement system836XII15Non availability of credit689X16Distance from roads1067fourteen17Distance from city/town1096XVIAll the respondents have acquired Food Products Order (FPO) as quality standard. And all units adhere to the norms of the standard. However during visit to these units the researcher observed that in some of the units raw material was not properly stored and semi finished products (like pulp, chopped fruits etc.) were lying uncovered, also utensils and flour was not clean.Table 5.1(a). Relationship of sale of produce with marketing problemsSale of Produce and Marketing Problems nervus Marketing ProblemsTotalYesNoSale of ProduceIncrease in saleCount81523Expected Count12.210.823.0% within Sale of Produce34.8%65.2%100.0%% within Face Marketing Problems21.6%45.5%32.9%% of Total11.4%21.4%32.9%Std. Residual-1.21.3Decrease in saleCount291847Expected Count24.822.247.0% within Sale of Produce61.7%38.3%100.0%% within Face Marketing Problems78.4%54.5%67.1%% of Total41.4%25.7%67.1%Std. Residual.8-.9TotalCount373370Expected Count37.033.070.0% within Sale of Produce52.9%47.1%100.0%% within Face Marketing Problems100.0%100.0%100.0%% of Total52.9%47.1%100.0%Table 5.1(b). Chi-Square tests (Sale of Produce and Marketin g Problems)ValuedfAsymp.Sig.(2-sidedExact Sig. (2-sided)Exact Sig. (1-sided)Point ProbabilityPearson Chi-Square4.491a1.034.043.031Continuity Correctionb3.4761.062Likelihood Ratio4.5341.033.043.031Fishers Exact Test.043.031Linear-by-Linear Association4.427c1.0355.043.031.022N of Valid Cases70a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expect