House of Saud Essay

The â€Å"alternative† visions of the nineteenth century all sought to Oppose authority and protect local community. Feedback/Reference: See pp. 600-601 2. The Wahhabi Movement sought to institute pure Islam and challenge The Ottoman Empire. Feedback/Reference: See p. 604 3. Allied to Wahhabi Movement leaders was the Najdian House of Saud of The Arabian Peninsula. Feedback/Reference: See p. 604 4. Which of the following did Shaka not use in his command of the Zulus? Mercy Feedback/Reference: See p. 605 5. The Taiping Rebellion of China gained momentum from all except which of the following? Government reforms aimed at relieving economic pressures by lowering taxes Feedback/Reference: See p. 608 6. Hong Xiuquan’s Taiping society demonstrated all but which of the following? Free opium use Feedback/Reference: See pp. 609-610 7. Which of the following best describes what reactionaries sought to accomplish? To reverse democracy and secular influence Feedback/Reference: See p. 612 8. Which of the following best describes what liberals sought to accomplish? To limit state power while expanding that of the individual Feedback/Reference: See p. 14 9. Which of the following best describes what radicals sought to accomplish? To reconstruct society economically and politically Feedback/Reference: See p. 614 10. The materialist theory of history generated by Marx and Engels taught that what mattered was How goods were produced and how that shaped social relations. Feedback/Reference: See p. 618 11. Insurgents opposed to powerful colonizing nations generally preached a message that reflected all of the following except Strong statements of universal love and toleration. Feedback/Reference: See pp. 618-622 12. What did Tenskwatawa advise his followers to do to rid Indian lands of the white man? Return to the traditional Indian rites and lifestyle Feedback/Reference: See p. 619 13. Why did Mayan rebels stop their drive to rid the land of imperialists during the Caste War? Planting season came, so the Mayans went home. The insurgencies discussed in this chapter were most commonly Destroyed with brute military force. 16. All of the following are true about Usman dan Fodio’s Fulani movement except It expected women to remain completely uninvolved in political action. Feedback/Reference: See pp. 604-605 17. Nationalism in Europe Slowly gained strength over the nineteenth century by pushing education and culture to unify †the nation. † Feedback/Reference: See p. 614 18. Mayan identity developed from all but which of the following bases? Close ties to the sugar and hennequen producers who felt threatened by new taxes Feedback/Reference: See p. 623 19. Which of the following best describes the utopian socialism of Charles Fourier? The organization of people into phalanxes that would preserve diversity in tasks and classes, but in which merchants did not exist Feedback/Reference: See p. 615 20. The charismatic leaders in this chapter offered all but the following: Decentralized states where power rested in the hands of the people

Alliteracy Definition Essay

Alliteracy is defined by Merriam-Webster’s dictionary as the quality or state of being able to read but uninterested in doing so. I, myself, am an example of the definition Merriam-Webster gives. I am fully competent of picking up a book and reading it. When I have spare time available, I could easily walk over to the book shelf in my house, where my wife has many books ranging from romance to science fiction, pick one out and read it. However, it is not a something that draws my attention or seems of interest to do. I only read when it is required of me, such as work related text and school related text. On the contrary, Mortimer Adler was a man who loves books! In his 1940 essay, â€Å"How to Mark a Book,† Adler defines how reading is more than just reading. It is the act of active reading- a skill- that requires using certain strategies in order to remember and understand what you read by highlighting, underlining, and make annotations in the book to help you remembe r and understand what you’ve read. Adler states, â€Å"Marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but of love.† (Adler, 1940) Adler’s form of reading requires putting forth effort that people who are alliterate may not see as relevant for reasons such as technological advances and an expensive hobby during a time of recession. One technological advance that has replaced books is through the invention of the television, which was a modern day marvel of its time and still continues to be. The invention of the television brought news and entertainment to the general population easier and faster than any book or newspaper ever could. People started relying on television more and more and reduced or eliminated reading from their daily activities. Between 1955 and 1975, when television were predominately introduced, a study showed that the average amount of time a person spent reading fell from 5 hours a day to 3.6 hours a day. However, as time went on and a larger variety of shows became available and tele vision hours extended those figures changed significantly. The same study shows that by 1995, the average person spent 9 percent of the spare time reading in comparison to 21 percent in 1955. Adler states, â€Å"They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire the idea, to process beauty, which a great book contains.† (Adler, 1940) However, does it truly mean that because people don’t read, they cannot acquire ideas or process the beauty behind ideas and creativity? I disagree. Television has been a wonderful source for information as we learn tons of information about places and people that we seldom learn about in written literature. We can easily learn about new cultures, different places, and how to do things without turning through page after page of words. Television, furthermore, helps improve memory as we are able to recall what we see easier than by what we’ve read. Another factor that has helped to cause alliteracy is money. People just don’t have the funds to purchase the high prices that are placed on books especially during these recessive times. Buying books is an expensive hobby and outside of the reach of the average person who is struggling just to pay their bills. According the National Endowment for the Arts, reading participation increases quite progressively for each increase in family income. Based on the survey, which was taken in 2002, approximately one-third of family with an income under $10,000 read literature during the survey year. This was in comparison to 61 percent of family with incomes of $75,000 or more. Based on these surveys, it is proven that lower family incomes are linked with alliteracy rates. In Adler’s How to Mark a Book, Adler makes the statement, â€Å"†¦buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author,† (Adler, 1940) for the sole purpose to â€Å"Mark† the book up. Adler throws this idea out freely as if everyone is able to afford the cost of books. However, Adler was American professor, philosopher, and educational theorist who was more than likely in the 61 percentile that the National Endowment for the Arts surveyed. It is not feasible to assume that everyone can afford the price of books and may face allitaracy for that reason. Adler’s form of reading requires putting forth effort that people who are alliterate may not see as relevant for reasons such as technological advances and an expensive hobby during a time of recession. If the purpose of Adler’s reasoning in marking a book is to share an intimate relationship with the author, then maybe technological advances will one day bring that to the masses in a more affordable way.

AN ANALYTICAL REPORT ON THREE CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS Research Paper

AN ANALYTICAL REPORT ON THREE CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS - Research Paper Example The United States has numerous charitable organizations running various philanthropist programs in various sectors of the society. As such, donating in any of the charitable organizations requires effective analysis of the specific organizations in order to safeguard an individual’s values. Individuals managing the charitable organizations are human just as any one else. This implies that they possess a quality of greed and would always want to enrich themselves from the positions of leadership and management. Charitable organizations just as any other organization therefore require a degree of accountability. Before donating to a charity organization, it becomes prudent to evaluate and analyze the administrative structures of an organization, its projects and its ability to achieve its goals. In doing this, the researcher in this context selects three of such organizations he believes are most deserving and analyses their structures thus justifying his selection based on the quality of management in the organizations and the effectiveness of the philanthropic projects the organizations run within the country. Anyone donating always hopes to help the people. With this understanding, the research investigates the ability of the selected charitable organizations to influ ence the lives of the public. The three charitable organization selected for the review are United Way, Feeding America and The Task Force for Global Health. The three are among the largest and most popular charitable organizations in the United States, the three in various sectors of the society and run various charitable programs all of which seek to improve the social wellbeing of the American citizenry. The three organizations enjoy a national outlook owing to their ability to infiltrate the country. As the largest charitable organizations, the

Black women in modern science fiction media Essay

Black women in modern science fiction media - Essay Example Marleen Barr is one of the people who have written some of the greatest works of literature created by black women. She particularly acknowledges Octavia E. Butler and Toni Morrison by saying that they stand to be remembered as major contributors towards the emergence of black science fiction (Thomas 105). Halle Berry is one of the greatest black women-actresses in the world of cinematography. One of her works as an actress in the film titled X-men has been said to be the embodiment of what fits perfectly the way Frank Norris defines American novel (Thomas 105). This research was inspired by the quest of finding out more of the journey that the black women have tread in the field of art. This research will evaluate the role of gender and race and how the two have hindered artists in their various endeavors (Barr 7). It will start with the 1920s black-art movements followed by its evolution and, finally, look at black artists in the contemporary society. â€Å"People need to imagine how it is like having the entire society aligned against you,† these were the words said by one of the greatest black women fiction writers named Butler (Barr 255). Her attitude of having the outside perspective of the whole situation made her prosper in her work. Other black women science fiction writers at the time just sought to understand the situation from the victim’s side. While they complained about their rights and how their work is undermined, Butler took the opportunity to make the world understand why people behave the way they do. She advised her fellow black women that they cannot run away from repulsion because people’s strengths hinder them from accepting other people’s differences. Barr (8) suggests that if other black women could have had exactly the same attitude, they could have had an easy trend through the field of science fiction. A writer named A. Scott once said that a griffin and a

Case study+ critycal analysis+evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Case study+ critycal analysis+evaluation - Essay Example Also, culture influences managerial philosophy and practice mainly through motivation. The idea that management works through people is vital for managers in an organizational culture to evaluate and assess the level and extent of cultural direction before any change could be effected. Organizational culture affects people – their needs, wants and aspirations, all of which management must tap. The case written by Steven I. Simon and Peter A. Cistaro entitled Transforming Safety Culture exemplifies managing change in organization specifically that of the Public Service Electric and Gas Co. (PSE&G) which is a principal utility located at New Jersey. In addition, the process of change required focusing on culture change as a necessary requirement to achieve an excellent safety management system. So, Kohli (2007) defined safety management system as â€Å"a systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures† (Kohli, 2007, p. 4). In this regard, the objective of the essay is to present a critical analysis of the case and to identify key challenges of managing change at PSE&G. The discussion would initially present a brief background of the case before detailing the culture change process at the organization. The identification of culture change process would be structured in terms of addressing the following concerns: (1) why was change in culture necessary? (2) What organizational design issues were highlighted? (3) Who are the key personnel instrumental for the change? And (4) how could change be addressed more effectively? The Public Service Electric and Gas Co. (PSE&G) is a principal utility located at New Jersey which has provided gas and electric services to local customers. Also, it employed a total of 6,500 employees by 2007. However, the number of losses since its beginning 27 years ago was recorded at 32. Furthermore, case facts revealed â€Å"an OSHA

Ethnocentrism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethnocentrism - Essay Example hropologists agree, likes to make premature judgments about other cultures and consequently brings false assumptions into his dealings with other cultural groups. In international relations, as a result, innumerable conflicts have broken out in the name of ethnocentrism. Constructive resolution of such conflicts between social groups have proven intractable in most cases because of one group’s lack of understanding of the other’s cultural uniqueness. One of the earlier names of ethnocentrism is colonialism, in which one culture sought to â€Å"civilize† and â€Å"develop† another. As was often the case, the social group placed under the gun of colonialism had its own concept of â€Å"civilization† and â€Å"development† which was quite different. Conflicts inevitably occurred. â€Å"When people are denied the legitimacy of their own life goal,† notes anthropologist Ken Barger, â€Å"they turn to radical means outside accepted practice.† Thus, we witnessed the bloody revolutions in colonized nations against colonizers that eventually led to global de-colonization starting in the 1950s, to coincide with the growth and acceptance of the United Nations. Colonialism is actually one of the three extreme forms of ethnocentrism, the other two being racism and ethnic cleansing. The latter gave rise to the most notorious ethnocentric of all time, Hitler, who sought to annihilate the Jews in favor of the â€Å"pure’ Aryan race and in the process triggered World War I. The belief that any culture represents the pinnacle of human achievement, which certainly possessed Hitler, is cultural arrogance of the worst form, a gross misreading of history and anthropology. Evidence of the evils wrought by ethnocentrism is all over the globe in modern times. On top of this is the mutual ethnocentric attitude between the Islamic world and the capitalist societies represented by the United States which now more than ever threatens to divide the planet. The Islamic societies

Plato's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato's - Essay Example This theory is actually very crucial in explaining Plato’s epistemological position. Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that explains knowledge. This branch of philosophy seeks an explanation of the characteristics that can be used to distinguish the knowledge that is adequate and the one that is inadequate. Epistemological positions are views of philosophers about the issue of what constitutes adequate and inadequate knowledge. Rationalism is one of the epistemological positions that dominate philosophy. According to Heylighen (par. 3), rationalism is viewing knowledge as a product of rational reflection. The rational reflection is a product of personal innate experience that an individual develops over time. Plato’s general rationalism is the basis of Plato’s epistemological position. According to this rationalism, knowledge is an awareness of absolute, universal ideas or forms that exist independent of subject (Heylighen par. 2). This rationalism identifies what could be philosophically regarded as knowledge according to Plato. The thesis of this paper is that this methodology used by Plato was successful in identifying what could be regarded as knowledge regardless of subjects. This thesis is explained and evaluated in the remaining part of the paper. Plato views knowledge from an angle different from other philosophers. According to Scaltsas (1), Plato views knowledge as a mental power that is very different from other mental powers like opinion, sight, and hearing. This is because of its unique ability to influence other mental powers. It is knowledge that enhances interpretation of information acquired through hearing and seeing. This shows that knowledge is a much stronger mental power compared to these other mental powers. Moreover, Plato in his theory of knowledge draws a distinction between things and form. He perceives things as aspects of reality perceived through senses

Arthur Conan Doyle, The New Catacomb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arthur Conan Doyle, The New Catacomb - Essay Example The most amazing thing about the story is its setting. The two characters are shown as sitting at Kennedy’s place, crowded with the relics of the yore, a stark contrast from the modern world that existed outside. I also found the writers delineation of the features of the characters, very interesting. To begin with, I believed that the interaction between Kennedy and Burger bordered on the good natured bantering between two friends. To me, the two friends’ journey to the new catacomb appeared to be a simple adventure. However, as the two descended into the catacomb, the details inside the catacomb, with its hidden mazes, stacked corpses and the surrounding darkness started to take a hold over me and I began to develop the premonition that something eerie is going to take place. Then the climax came with all its hidden wrath and vengeance. I was surprised and in fact awed to realize that the emotion of hurt and revenge could turn into something so treacherous and at the same time so just. The end filled me with a feeling of fear. But, deep down within me, I was to some extent satisfied that the treatment met to Kennedy by Roger was fare and well deserved, though grotesque. Overall, I found the pace of the narrative, very disciplined, terse and exciting. 2. Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado While reading this story I felt that the writer left many facts and details unanswered.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 55

History - Essay Example Spaniards feared much and realization dawned on them that the time was not far off, when they would be thrown out. Nevertheless, they continued their vigilance in the occupied territory. Spain authorities attacked the Pueblo from two ends, economic and religious. â€Å"Spanish officials forced Pueblos to conform to the economically imbalanced encomienda and repartimiento systems, under which Pueblos were forced to pay tribute to the Spanish government. In addition, the Franciscans set up a series of missions among the Pueblos with the expectation that they would abandon their religious beliefs for Christianity.† (New Mexico) They were proved wrong. The Franciscans wished to retain their presence, when the economic agenda of the Spanish authorities failed to deliver the results. The religious agenda was supported with financial grants from the Government funds. The religious agenda too failed soon. When the Spanish Pueblo individuals were persecuted on religious grounds, it caused deep resentment. On 10th August 1680, they faced a sudden assault from the combined might of Pueblo. Even though the plot was uncovered by the Spaniards a day before the attack, Pueblos fared well and â€Å"more than four hundred† (New Mexico)Spaniard settlers were annihilated; besides, â€Å"twenty-one Franciscans†(New Mexico) were murdered. Many Pueblos also died in the operation. To sum up some of the factors that could be listed for the revolt, were draught, intertribal warfare, famine and the highhandedness of the authorities and above all the commitment of the Pueblos to their native religious belief

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Nursing research - Essay Example In this regard, the motivation process ensures that implementation of the change process remained on track and each stakeholder played an influential role in ensuring its success. It is crucial to energize staff involved in the process of change. First, the stimulation process should involve a capacity-building meeting whereby the staff undergoes the requirements of the change process with each member identifying the requirements and the responsibilities that they should play in ensuring successful implementation. In line with this, the capacity-building meeting will also act as a team building effort whereby team members will come together and be supportive of each other during the change implementation process. Secondly, daily meetings that will involve staff members talking about the challenges in the implementation process are crucial in ensuring that all members were supportive of each other’s efforts in the implementation process. In effect, members will help each other identify the ways of solving these challenges and ensure successful implementation of the change

The Effect of Interactivity with a Music Video Game on Second Language Vocabulary Recall Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Interactivity with a Music Video Game on Second Language Vocabulary Recall Essay This research has been done by Jonathan deHaan, W. Michael Reed and Katsuko Kuwada. Jonathan deHaan is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of International Relations at the University of Shizuoka. He earned his Ph. D. in Educational Communication and Technology from New York University. His research focuses on second language learning and teaching with games and simulations. As for W. Michael Reed, he was a retired professor of Educational Communication and Technology at New York University and the IRB/IACUC Administrator for Radford University in Virginia. His research interests spanned over a 25-year period and focused on educational computing, problem-solving, metacognition, and composing processes. Meanwhile, Katsuko Kuwada is a doctoral student in the International Cultural Studies program at Tohoku University. She investigates language and culture; her current research compares the use of first-person subjects in Japanese and English based on different cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this research is to know physical interactivity of a second language music video game is manipulated to investigate the effect of interactivity on vocabulary acquisition and cognitive load (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010) or in simpler way is to investigate whether the interactivity ( and simultaneously presented text, audio and animation) of video game is extraneous cognitive load (thus having a negative effect on learning) or germane load (thus having a positive effect on learning) (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010). Overview The research question that been highlighted here is to view interactivity of second language on music video game on recalling vocabulary. This research captured my attention due to the usage of media in teaching English as second language to undergraduate Japanese students. As we all know, multimedia technology has been implemented in language learning to attract as well as to motivate second language user to be able to perceive, learn and enjoy English language. This research is crucial to this aeon, in which multimedia is being integrated in language learning. Thus Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and DR. Kuwada focus on what constitute a game rather then what can be added to a game to make it approachable and enjoyable in teaching and learning process. In this research it has depicted that ‘human cognitive architecture consists of a limited short-term memory’ (Baddeley, 1992, Miller, 1959), and a game’s complex elements (e. g. usic, subtitles and lyrics) can create an unalterable high demand on working memory (intrinsic cognitive load), it is important to understand whether a media features, such as interactivity, present a student with unnecessary extraneous cognitive load, which interferes with learning, or germane load, which enhances learning (deHaan, Reed Kuwada; 2010). Analysis This research has been done to see ‘video game interactivity would help or hinder the noticing and recall of second language vocabulary . (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010). Here the three researchers have used interactivity, language proficiency and video game proficiency as independent variables while cognitive load vocabulary written recall, and participant opinions as dependent measures, Eighty undergraduates in which 65 of them are males and 15 of them are females in a range of age around 18 to 24, from Computer Science University in rural Japan. Subjects’ mother tongue is Japanese and has 6 to 11 years of formal English education. Participants were paired and one participant in each pair was randomly assigned to either play or watch the video game, and this been conducted in laboratory, for 20 minutes long. Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and Dr. Kuwada, instructed the participants to play or watch the game and learn the words of the rap. The video game level was repeated five times by all pairs. The participants were not allowed to take notes or use their dictionaries and even not allowed to see and what more to interact with one and another. The material that was used in this research was Parappa the Rapper 2. Straight after cease with the experiment, participants would be given topics from the game and were used as written cloze test, where participants were required to write the missing words from the game’s rap in the text’s blanks. This test been repeated again after 2 weeks. The result after the test depicted that ‘watchers of the video game recalled significantly more vocabulary items compare to the players. Thus because watchers focus only on the objects in the game and the sentences describing the pictures without even have to integrate with the game console. Meanwhile, the players have to both focuses on the integration with game and with console as well as their integration with the sentences describing the pictures, to such a degree the players are having cognitive loads. Critique and Evaluation This research is focus on effect of interactivity with music video game on second language vocabulary recall. After thoroughly read the research paper I have found out that Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and Kuwada pay cogently attention to know whether ‘video game (multimedia technology) would help or hinder noticing and recall second language vocabulary. Here the three researchers focus on cognitivist perspective in which according to Jean Piaget (1977), mental process of an individual use in responding to their environment. Cognitivism deals with how people think, solve problems and make decisions. When the players interact with the game they are using their cognitive ability to engage with the steps that they need to ensue in order to move up to the next level of the game as well as to convene on the lyrics given in the game. Here the players are responding to their environment, however being cognitive loads between fixating on the game and engaging to the lyrics somehow has distracted them from focusing on the vocabulary. Thus has made them failed to recall the vocabulary during vocabulary recall test. Meanwhile, the watchers do not faced the cognitive load due to solely one way interaction (receiving the input) between them and the video game, thus has given them time to give great detail using memorization method, which is one of the 6 cognitive learning strategies (Rubin Wenden, 1987), to indulge in the game. Furthermore, this research has proven that by using video game can help to assist language learning in second language leaner. As been mention by Hubbard (1991), language learning may happen with video game as language is involved in the play. It is easy to accept language learning evolves through game as language and problem solving are correlated and what more students seem to enjoy it. Despite that, the research has significantly highlighted that by watching the media (game), in defiance of involving in it, can make the learners ‘notice and recalling more vocabulary items’ (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010), as they have only to focus on the lyrics only. Hence consolidate that usage of multimedia technology (game) in language class does not hinder the language learning. However, teachers must scrutinize type of game that they want to use in their language class. Nevertheless, in learning second language it is not enough by just interact with game and the lyrics. To become competence in a language one must also portray the purpose of using the language rather than just merely know the language yet not communicate it in purposeful conversation to reinforce the learning, thus communication is important in language learning. Like what has been mentioned by Douglas Brown (2000), communication is not merely an event, something that happens; it is functional, purposive and designed to bring about some effect. Due to that, 2 weeks after the research has been done, the participants been called to attempt second test to evaluate their vocabulary in recalling the game lyrics. Here both players and watchers have shown drastically reducing of vocabulary if comparing to the previous test. This has proven that without purposeful learning students will not be able to sustain the vocabulary. On my behalf, I strongly believe that communicative reinforcement can enhance on language learning via technology, as one language learning and no purposeful practise will hinder the language learning process. Through this research I have learnt to acquiesce, without collaboration with learning strategies (between memorising, recalling and communicating via multimedia tool), the language learning will not become purposeful and will make one learning a failure. Conclusion It can be concluded that physical interaction of this game has extraneous cognitive load effect on the players, thus not conducive to learning and seemed to have unnecessarily diverted the players’ attention from the vocabulary and hinder recall. Meanwhile, the watchers of the game have not exposed to the additional extraneous load and have been able to devote more cognitive resources to the intrinsic load of the game and its language. As a consequence this research I have learnt that suitable game (multimedia) can assist language learning process as students seemed to enjoy such activity. In any respect with purposeful reinforcement such as germane communicative reinforcement can compensate language acquisition better. Moreover, implication of this research on future study, teachers will be more selective in choosing multimedia material for their classes and they will make sure balance input been given in the sense of interactivity and language learning so that no cognitive load will occur and hinder language learning via multimedia.

Time stuffs Essay Example for Free

Time stuffs Essay As a Non Commisioned Officer it is extremely important to uphold the standards of exolelnce. It is not enough to just say that you can, you have to actually do it: be it. My Sergeant Major Command Sergeant Mojor Duham told me when I first put on hard stripes, he said,† Corpral everybody is going to be watching you now.. All of your soldiers will see what you do. All of your leaders will be judging you. All eyes are on the Non Commissioned Officer,† I instantly understood what he meant by that. He pined me at the beginning of our deployment to Iraq, towards the end of that deployment I understood very intamately how true those words were. As a soldier it is inherently important to follow the simplest of rules. Be in the right place at ther right time, in the right uniform. How easy is that? To a soldier that is your entire world, and it really is just that easy. It seems like it would be just a s easy for a non comissioned officer to do the same, and by all rights it just be, especially for a veteran thats been doing this for years. Atached to every action of the non commissioned officer is that stigma of excellance. A non commissioned officer should be all means be great a t whot he/she does. There should be an upheld idiology that this person behind those stripes is above the pressure of societal norms, a person that rises above all challenges, a person not berdoned with fear, someone that will consistantly do the right thing no matter how much harder it is to do than the easy thing. The idea of a non commissioned officer should be something almost superhuman, a fucking Jedi. Thia ia thw image of tbhe non commissionaed officer that people actually have. When NCOs perform actions that are anything less than excellent it tants that image. People begin to see that these heros are just assholes that speak a good game. We absolutely need to be men and wemon of integraty , and courage. People dthat uphodlt he standards no matter what. I was late, I was late more thatn once. This councelling that I have agreed to and signed suggest that somebody actually asked my why. That didnt happen. I whould like tto argue that had I ever been talked to about tardyness the first time then there wouldnt have been a second time. There was no conversation that involved myself or any of my leadership implementing. Therer is no excuse my actions are as they were recorded; I was late. I know better, Ive known better, I dont need to have someone consistantly reminding me about soing the right thing. I know very well what the right thing is, what it looks like, and how it is to bwe implemente. Because I know right, I can fully understand why it is unexceptable to have a non commissioned officer consistantly performing bellow the standard. Just the samew it would have been nice to have had a conversation about poor or unsatisfactory performance with my leadership before jumping strait into a written councelling. Gee I hope this doesnt reflect poorly on my NCOER oh wait thats right my leasders have failed to provide my with sufficant councelling and evaluation of my perfaormeance duechbags, Time is said to be eternal. It is said that it has neither a beginning nor an end. Yet men are able to measure it as years, months, days, hours, minutes and seconds. They have also given meanings to the words – past, present and future. True, time has a meaning. It moves. What was yesterday is not today. What is today will not be tomorrow. Yesterday is gone. Today is and tomorrow is yet to come. Yet time is said to have no holiday. It exists always. The entire creation moves on according to a time pattern. There is birth, growth and death. There is time for everything. Plants flower and give fruits. Seasons come according to time. A child is born, grows into boyhood, adolescence, youth, middle age and old age according to age and time. Every movement of creation is linked with time. One cannot grow paddy in a month nor can a child become an adult in a year. Everything is fixed to a time-frame. Time is a free force. It does not wait for any one. It is commonly said that time and tide waits for no man. Time is money. A minute not usefully spent is an eternal loss. You can never get back the lost minute. One has to strike the iron when it is hot. The time flies and never returns. If you waste time it wastes you. ‘Time is the best medicine’, says Ovid. It is said that time heals all wounds and it even heals what reason cannot. All human beings are emotional. When negative emotions like fear, anger, envy and jealousy overtake them, they lose reason and act in haste leading to serious consequences. They may repent later, as emotions cool down. But the damage done is done and remains forever. Even that damage can heal with the passage of time. People involved may forget and forgive. That is the importance of time and its healing touch. Time is said to be a wise counselor. Passage of time allows an individual to grow. This growth gives experience. Experience helps decision making. Time reminds you to act and to act wisely. The wisest make use of the time fruitfully. It is said that the wisest grieve the most at the loss of time. Those who do not know the importance of time, waste it or rather they spend it doing nothing. There is a proverb which says that killing time is not a murder; it is a suicide. It means, by wasting time one is not harming others. On the other hand one is harming himself. Ordinary people merely go on thinking how to spend their time. The wise and talented make use of it fruitfully. Some people always complain that there is no time for them to do anything. That is not correct. If one wisely plans his activities, there will be time for everything happening according to time. A man who is a part of nature cannot complain against time. Time is powerful. It conquers all. Men are only to obey it. Man cannot say that he has nothing of his own. Time which is valuable is all his own. If you are not on time and miss the train, you miss it fore-ever. So also the time, once you miss it, it flies off. You can never catch it. Hence it is called fleeting time. Let us learn to use our time fruitfully. This is the key to success. Allow me to begin by stating the Dictionarys definition of Punctual: punctual adj. Acting or arriving exactly at the time appointed; prompt. Scheduling the work day is one of the most important duties any leader in the Army or the Armed Forces for that matter, tackle each and every day. Being at the right place at the right time for any member of the Armed forces is extremely essential to the defense of the entire United States of America. Its because of this that being on time is remarkably important. Dependability, accountability, consistency and discipline are all crucially related to being on time. Furthermore, promptness also shows that the individual Soldier aims high and has their priorities straight. However, being where one needs to be at the appointed time will always be one of the most important aspects of being a Soldier. This is why failure to be on time not only severely hinders mission capability and readiness, but also can without a doubt cost unnecessary loss of life. It is important to realize that it is necessary for those in the Armed Forces are held to a higher standard. While punctuality remains and always will, an extremely vital aspect of military bearing and discipline. It has direct correlation to soldierly appearance, combat readiness, mission effectiveness, and essentially every facet of Military life and responsibility. I cannot place enough emphasis on how important being on time constantly is. For instance; a soldier is late or perhaps does not report at all to a place at the time ordered. That effectively compromises and diminishes the efficiency of which the task is to be completed. In an extreme case a soldier not being on time to relieve the current guards post would cause the combat effectiveness and readiness of the unrelieved guard to be greatly reduced. This would be caused by fatigue, or lack of supplies, etc. Consequently the guard post could be compromised and the security of the area or Forward Operating Base [continues] THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING AT THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME First off, scheduling work is a very important duty of any leader in the Army or the Armed Forces to tackle every day. Being at the right place at the right time for any member of the army is extremely essential to the defense of the entire United States of America. Dependability, accountability, consistency and discipline are all crucially related to being on time. In addition, promptness also shows that the individual Soldier has their priorities straight. However, being where one needs to be at the appointed time will always be one of the most important aspects of being a Soldier. This is why failure to be on time not only severely hinders mission capability and readiness, but also can cost unnecessary death. It is important to see that it is necessary for those in the Army to be held to a higher standard. While being on time remains and always will be an extremely vital aspect of military bearing and discipline. I cannot say enough on how important being on time constantly is and always will be. For instance; a soldier is late or perhaps does not report at all to a place at the time ordered. That effectively compromises and diminishes the efficiency of which the task is to be completed. It is always important to be where you are supposed to be. In the Army, every leader stresses the fact on being on time or being at the right place or being in the right uniform. So if you have to ask yourself is it important to be where you are told to be? Then you should always answer yes. I think most Soldiers and Leaders will tell you that it is very important. It is my responsibility to be where I am supposed to. It is all about accountability. You have to keep track of your Soldiers. It is your responsibility and your leaders responsibility. They are responsible for your actions as well you. If you fail to take responsibility for your actions or do as you please you can and most likely will be punished [continues] Time management is very important in order to be successful in life. As a leader of soldiers time management is extremely important in order to get work to get done but also to make time for leisure activities. The most common motivational cold is the lack of interest in certain subjects. The heart of effective time management is a weekly and daily schedule. Also long term goals must be determined in order for short term goals to be established. Be proactive means taking initiative, not waiting for others to act first, and being responsible for what you do. The opposite of proactive is reactive. Reactive people tend to react to what goes on around them. Proactive people act based on principles and purpose. So think with the end in mind when establishing your schedule. Gathering necessary information is an important factor in time management. Planning ahead is another key factor in managing your time. Consult your things to do with a monthly schedule and hang it up in your room. Be sure while you are making a schedule of â€Å"things to do,† you take into consideration how long it takes you to complete certain task. Also figure out how much time you have to do certain assignments and break them up into several days if that works best for you. By dividing up your assignments it takes the stress off of you and gives you extra leisure time. When planning ahead use some type of calendar or monthly planner to keep track of your things and also to keep them Prioritizing work assignments is crucial to successful time management. Some people do not know how to prioritize and become procrastinators. Deciding which tasks are the [continues] Being late is becoming a more and more common trend among people of all walks of life, especially in the United States Army. This is completely unacceptable and it violates the Army Values, costs the military more money, and reflect very poorly on the soldier and his first line supervisor. There are many methods available to prevent being late as well as proper steps to take once you know you are going to be late and there is nothing else you can do about it. The Army Values, Leadership, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity, and Personal Courage. When you are late to anything, whether it be a formation or appointment, it goes against nearly all of these values that are instilled in all soldiers. All soldiers are supposed to display the ability to be an effective leader at all time. This is impossible if you are late. For example, if you are a Specialist promotable and late to a few formations that is noticed by the privates around you. Once you make Sergeant they are going to remember those times you were late and question your ability as a leader. It is your duty to follow the orders of those appointed above you as long as they are lawful and moral. When you are told to be at a certain location at a certain time then you are expected to be there. If you cant preform the simple task of arriving on time to a formation or keeping an appointment, then responsibility. Respect is the key to a functioning Army all the way around. Respect must be shown from there is no way you can meet the requirements for duties that require more subordinate to leader, and vice versa from leader to subordinate. Not arriving to a formation at the appointed time is blatant disrespect toward your leaders, and if no respect is shown toward the leader it will never be returned to the subordinate. When you chose to be late it shows that you are more worried about yourself than your unit or your career. This is The importance of being on time in the military is probably one of the most stressed responsibilities in the services today. The definition of being on time or punctual is acting or arriving exactly at the time appointed; prompts. Or in military terms being where you are supposed to be when you are supposed to be there. It is the easiest thing to do when it comes to the military but yet many soldiers including myself struggle every day trying to make it to that early morning formation to conduct pt when the civilian world is not awakening for another hour or so. (102) The main reason punctuality is so important is for accountability. Aaccountability is the acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility for actions, products, decisions, and policies including the administration, governance, and implementation within the scope of the role or position and encompassing the obligation to report, explain and be answerable for resulting consequences. As a term related to governance, accountability has been difficult to define. It is frequently described as an account-giving relationship between individuals, e. g. A is accountable to B when A is obliged to inform B about A’s (past or future) actions and decisions, to justify them, and to suffer punishment in the case of eventual misconduct. Accountability cannot exist without proper accounting practices; in other words, an absence of accounting means an absence of accountability. (215) Without any form of accountability there would be no way of knowing where anyone is at any given point of time. Which in turn would lead to utter confusion all the time? No one would know what anyone was doing, who had appointments, who was on leave or tasking, and if someone just did not show up for duty that particular day. (276) In my opinion being punctual is one of the most important traits someone can have it not only shows a great deal of responsibility but it also shows What Is The Importance Of Time In Our Life? Time is extremely important in our life; it helps us structure our daily lives and activities, so that we can live more organized, productive lives. While there are always drawbacks to being too conscious of time (such as the feeling of being ruled by the clock), it is essential that we have this marker to use while we work, play, and grow older. Time may also be viewed in a more philosophical sense; time represents special milestones, including birthdays, anniversaries, and the births of children. This is one of the reasons why our own date of birth is special to us. Many people keep diaries and journals to mark the passing of time these records become rich treasure troves of vital information about every day doings and any special achievements, problems, or activities. The passing of time escapes no one; we are all subject to aging and the fear of mortality. For some, the idea of getting older is a stressful one; others will feel more amiable to changing and passing through the later decades of life. For women, loss of youth may be a concern as time passes; this is one of the reasons why the beauty industry makes billions of dollars. Women seek out special serums and creams touted to reverse the visible signs of aging; however, getting older is natural, and the physical and cosmetic changes that come about through the years cannot really be halted forever. Men may fear loss of virility or strength as they age. Often, people in their forties may experience a mid-life crisis, as they become suddenly aware that they are no longer young, and that half of their life is now over. The best defense against the worries associated with contemplating time is to use the time you have effectively. Living happily and with purpose can be simpler with proper time management. Getting the most out of each day, and enjoying life to the fullest, will help you understand the importance of every moment.

Application Of EM Waves In Satellite Communication Computer Science Essay

Application Of EM Waves In Satellite Communication Computer Science Essay This paper deals with the historical development of satellite communication systems. Then the basic elements of satellite communication system along with their features are discussed. Then the working of a satellite communication system and the use of EM waves in this system is discussed and then finally the applications, advantages and limitations of satellite communication system are discussed. Introduction Electromagnetic wave is a wave of electric and magnetic field components which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation. Generally, EM radiation (the designation radiation excludes static electric and magnetic and near fields) is classified by wavelength into radio, microwave, infrared, the visible region we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays..The behaviour of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. Higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths. Spectroscopy can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible range of 400  nm to 700  nm. Electromagnetic waves as a general phenomenon were predicted by the classical laws of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwells equations. If you inspect Maxwells equations without sources (charges or currents) then you will find that, along with the possibility of nothing happening, the theory will also admit nontrivial solutions of changing electric and magnetic fields. Any electric charge which accelerates, or any changing magnetic field, produces electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic information about the charge travels at the speed of light. Accurate treatment thus incorporates a concept known as retarded time. At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum, and our technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths. Fig. 1 electromagnetic spectrum Satellite Communication A satellite is a physical object that orbits or revolves around some celestial body. In general satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of communication, military, surveillance, etc. A satellite communications (sometimes abbreviated to Comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications using microwave frequencies. Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or near geostationary orbits, although some recent systems use low Earth-orbiting satellites. Communications satellites provide a technology that is complementary to that of fibre optic submarine communication cables. Unlike fibre optic communication, satellite communication has a propagation delay (also called a path delay) of at least 270 milliseconds, which is the time it takes the radio signal to travel 35,800 km from earth to a satellite and then back to earth. Satellite Internet connections average a 600-800 millisecond delay, about ten times than that of a terrestrial Internet link. This delay is a challenge to deployment of Virtual private networks over satellite internet connections. HISTORY OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION The concept of satellite communications was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, based on Herman PotoÄ niks pseudonymous work from 1929. In 1945 Clarke published an article titled Extra-terrestrial Relays in the magazine Wireless World. The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signal. Thus Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as the inventor of the communications satellite. The first artificial satellite was the SOVIET SPUTNLK-1 launched on October 4, 1957, and aquipped with an onboard transmitter that worked on two frequencies i.e. 20.005 and 40.002 MHz The first American satellite to relay communications was project SCORE in 1958 which used tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. Telstar was the first active, direct relay communications satellite belonging to AT T. USE OF EM WAVES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION The fastest growing and most recent field of communication involves the use of various satellite relays. Let us discuss the space wave communication. In this mode of propagation, electromagnetic waves from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving antenna either directly or after reflections from ground in the earths troposphere region. Troposphere is that portion of the earth which extends up to 16 km from the earth surface. It means in the former, wave reaches directly from the transmitting antenna to receiving antenna and in later, the wave reaches the receiving antenna after reflection from the ground., where the phase change of 180 degree is also introduced due to reflection at the ground, in the ground reflected wave. Although both the waves leave the transmitting antenna at the same time with the same phase but may reach the receiving antenna either in the phase or out of the phase, because the two wave travel different path lengths. The strength of the resultant waves, thu s, at the receiving point may be stronger or weaker than the direct path alone depending upon whether the two waves are adding or opposing in phase. At receiving point the signal strength is the vector addition of direct and indirect waves. Space wave propagation is also called as tropospheric propagation because space wave propagates through troposphere. Space wave propagation is mainly in VHF, and higher frequencies because at such frequencies sky wave and ground wave propagation both fail. Beyond 30 MHz sky wave fails as the wavelength becomes too shorts to be reflected from ionosphere and ground waves are propagating close to the antenna only, as attenuation is very high. Therefore just after few hundred feet ground wave also die due to attenuation and wave tilt. Space wave propagation is also called as the line of sight propagation because at VHF, UHF and microwave frequencies, this mode of propagation is limited to the line of sight distance and is also limited by the curvatur e of earth. Although in actual particle space wave propagates even slightly beyond the line of sight distance due to the refraction in the atmosphere of the earth. In line of sight distance transmitting antenna and receiving antenna can usually see each other. In fact, the line of sight distance i.e. range of communication can also be increased by increasing the heights of transmitting and receiving antennas. The curvature of earth and the height of the transmitting and receiving antennas determines maximum range of communication through direct waves. In fact, the line of sight distance has now been extended by what is known as Space Communication or specially Satellite communication which has facilitated trans-oceanic propagation of microwaves with the potentiality of large bandwidth. By space communication we mean the radio traffic between a ground station and satellite or space probe, between satellites or space probes and also between the ground station itself via man made communication satellites or natural space body( e.g. the sun, the moon, the venus etc. ). Earlier it was not possible to propagate beyond the radio horizon and hence it revolutionized the field of communication engineering and it is possible to show that three geosynchronous satellites can establish communication over entire world. Role of electromagnetic waves can be seen by studying the different bands available for satellite communication Selection of the band The selection of the band is not something that individual service providers decide, but is rather chosen by large satellite operators based on different factors. These are explained below: C-band is still the most widely available worldwide. Ku-band is becoming more available recently in regions which were less covered in the past (South America, Asia, Africa). C-band is more prone to interference from other transmission services that share the same frequencies (adjacent satellites or terrestrial transmissions) than the higher bands. While the C-band technology is cheaper in itself, it requires larger dishes (1 to 3 m) than Ku- and Ka-band (0.6 to 1.8 m) and therefore imposes relatively higher (installation) costs on the end-user. Ku- and especially Ka-band make better use of satellite capacity. Higher frequency bands (Ku- and especially Ka-) suffer significantly more from signal deterioration caused by rainfall: to ensure availability in bad weather conditions, the signal has to be much stronger. Note that 0.1% of unavailability means in fact that the service will be interrupted for almost 9 hours over a 1-year period. 1% unavailability represents 90 hours or almost 4 full days. Bands of Interest C-band is the oldest allocation and operates in the frequency range around 6 GHz for transmission (uplink) and between 3.7 and 4.2 GHz for reception (downlink). Ku-band is the most common transmission format in Europe for satellite TV and uses around 14 GHz for uplink and between 10.9 and 12.75 GHz for downlink. Ka-band uses around 30 GHz up- and between 18 and 20 GHz downlink frequency. C-band and Ku-band are becoming congested by an increasing amount of users, so satellite service operators are more and more turning to the use of Ka-band. Using C-band and K-band C Band is a name given to certain portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as a range of wavelengths of light, used for communications. The IEEE C band and its variations, in particular, are microwave ranges used for certain satellite television broadcasts, and by some Wi-Fi devices, cordless phones, and weather radars. Typical antenna sizes on C-band capable systems ranges from 7.5 to 12 feet (2.5 to 3.5 meters) on consumer satellite dishes, although larger ones also can be used. Slight variations of C band frequencies are approved for use in various parts of the world. TABLE I C Band Variants Around The World Band Transmit Frequency (GHz) Receive Frequency (GHz) Extended C Band 5.850-6.425 3.625-4.200 Super Extended C Band 5.850-6.725 3.400-4.200 INSAT C Band 6.725-7.025 4.500-4.800 Palapa C Band 6.425-6.725 6.425-6.725 Russian C Band 5.975-6.475 3.650-4.150 LMI C Band 5.725-6.025 3.700-4.000 K band is defined as a frequency band between 20 and 40 GHz (7.5-15 mm). The IEEE K band is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies ranging between 18 and 27 GHz. K band between 18 and 26.5 GHz is absorbed easily by water vapour (water resonance peak at 22.24 GHz, 1.35 cm). The IEEE K band is conventionally divided into three sub-bands:  · Ka band: K-above band, 26.5-40 GHz, mainly used for radar and experimental communications.  · K-band 18-27 GHz  · Ku band: K-under band, 12-18 GHz, mainly used for satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications, and radar, especially police traffic-speed detectors. MAIN COMPONENTS OF A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Satellite communications are comprised of two basic elements The satellite The ground station The Satellite The satellite is also known as the space segment. It is composed of the following separate units; the satellite and telemetry controls and the transponder. The transponder comprised of the receiving antenna to catch-up signals from the ground station, a broad band receiver, an input multiplexer and a frequency converter that is used to reroute the received signals through a high powered amplifier for downlink. The main function of satellite is to reflect signals. In case of a telecom satellite, the primary role is to pick up signals from a ground station, which is located, a considerable away from the first. This relay action can be two way, as in the case of a long distance phone call. Another use of satellite is the television broadcasts. Number of programs are first up-linked and then down-linked over wide region. The customer having appropriate devices can receive and watch the programs. One of the modern uses of satellite is getting information along with image (commonly known as space/satellite image) of any desired location on earth. Fig. 2 diagram showing satellite and ground station The Ground Station This is called the earth segment. Earth station is the common name for every installation located on the Earths surface and intended for communication (transmission and/or reception) with one or more satellites. A base band processor, an up-converter, high Powered amplifier and a parabolic dish antenna is involved to transmit the terrestrial data to an orbiting satellite. In the case of downlink, the ultimate reverse operation is being down and up-linked signals are recaptured through parabolic antenna. WORKING OF A SATELLITE Satellite is mainly working on the basis of Electromagnetic waves. In our daily life EM waves are useful for Radio, Internet, T.V etc. For all these electronic equipments are working on the basis of EM waves. Firstly a satellite is keep in the orbit. Then it rotates along the orbit. From the source station it receives signals and spread them to all the electronic equipments. Satellites easily transfer news with in fraction of seconds it means in microseconds. In order send signals the smallest frequency waves are required. At the station the producers send the microwaves to satellite, because microwaves are waves having short frequency when compare to the other waves (Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequency from 30MHz to 1GB) ,they can easily penetrate throw the ionosphere, and reaches to satellite. Satellites provide links in two ways. Firstly a satellite provide point to point communication link between one ground station and the other. One ground station transmit signal to the other satellite and next ground station receives them from the satellite. Secondly, satellite receives signals from one ground station and transmits to them to the number of ground receivers. It is illustrated in figure 2. Most satellite use frequency bandwidth through from 5.92 to 6.4GHz from transmission of data from earth to the satellite and a frequency bandwidth from 3.7 to 4.1GHz for transmission from satellite to the earth. A satellite can provide service to a certain part of the earth if it is in sight. This can be done only if the satellite remains stationary with respect to the earth. LOW EARTH ORBITING COMMUNICATION SATELLITE In 1960, the simplest communications satellite ever conceived was launched. It was called Echo, because it consisted only of a large (100 feet in diameter) aluminized plastic balloon. Radio and TV signals transmitted to the satellite would be reflected back to earth and could be received by any station within view of the satellite. Fig. 3 diagram showing Echo satellite Unfortunately, in its low earth orbit, the Echo satellite circled the earth every ninety minutes. This meant that although virtually everybody on earth would eventually see it, no one person, ever saw it for more than 10 minutes or so out of every 90 minute orbit. Telstar satellite Telstar is the name of various communications satellites; including the first ever such satellite able to relay television signals. The first two Telstar satellites were Telstar 1, launched July 10, 1962 and operational until February 21, 1963, and Telstar 2, launched May 7, 1963 and operational until May 16, 1965. They were experimental, and nearly identical. Telstar 1 relayed the first television pictures, telephone calls and fax images through space and provided the first live transatlantic television feed. Telstars orbit was such that it could see Europe and the US simultaneously during one part of its orbit. During another part of its orbit it could see both Japan and the U.S. As a result, it provided real- time communications between the United States and those two areas for a few minutes out of every hour. Some of the main advantages of low and medium earth orbit include: (a) the possibility of using hand-held receiver terminals because satellites are closer to the Earth and can therefore provide stronger signals at the receiver and ground stations need to transmit at lower power; (b) the possibility of reusing the frequencies more often than is possible with geostationary orbit because the geographical area covered by low earth orbit satellites is much smaller; (c) the possibility of reduction in transmission delay. Fig. 4 diagram showing Telstar satellite Geostationary Communications Satellites In 1963, the necessary rocket booster power was available for the first time and the first geostationary satellite, Syncom 2, was launched by NASA. For those who could see it, the satellite was available 100% of the time, 24 hours a day. The satellite could view approximately 42% of the earth. For those outside of that viewing area, of course, the satellite was NEVER available. Fig. 5 diagram showing Geostationary satellite INDIAS FIRST COMMUNICATION SATELLITE APPLE Apple stands for Airline Passenger Payload Experiment. It got the name as it was carried as a Passenger by the European space agency. Apple the first Indian three-axis stabilized geo-stationary experimental communication satellite, weighing 673kg was successfully launched on June 19, 1981 from Kourou, French Guyana, by the Ariane Launch Vehicle of European Space Agency on its third developmental flight. After 17 minutes 25 seconds the craft was successfully placed in the transfer orbit. The space craft sub-systems were functioning normally. Test commands have been issued from SHAR to the APPLE space craft successfully. Fig. 6 diagram showing APPLE satellite Launch Date: 19.06.1981 Launch Vehicle: Ariane-1(V-3) Type of Satellite: Geo-Stationary Satellite Mission: Experimental geostationary communication Weight: 670 kg Communication: VHF and C-band Stabilization: Three axis stabilized (biased momentum) with Momentum Wheels, Torques Hydrazine based Reaction control system Mission life: Two years APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION The breakthrough provided by satellites in telecommunications resulted in a major research and development effort in all the related technologies. Most of the early work concentrated on international point to point telecommunications applications. Later, the application of satellite communication was extended to the direct satellite broadcasts (1970s), mobile communications (1980s), and personal communications (1990s). In general, satellites are serving the mobile and broadcast. Radio and Television Broadcasting Satellites have been used since 1960 to transmit broadcast television signals between the network hubs of television companies and their network members. Sometime, a whole set of programs is transmitted at once and recorded at the affiliate, and then broadcast to the local populace according to the appropriate time. In the 1970s it became possible for private individuals to download the same signals that the network and cable companies were transmitting, using C-band reception dishes. This free viewing of the corporate contents by individuals let to scrambling and subsequent resale of the descrambling codes to individual customers, which started the direct-to-home industry. The direct-to-home industry has gathered even greater response since the introduction of digital direct broadcast service. . Business Radio And TV Digital television has made it possible to distribute information within organizations and companies that are geographically dispersed, or to deliver distance education. Similarly, digital radio allows for the delivery of radio services to relatively small closed user groups. Thin Route or Trunk Telephony Telecom operators have been using satellite communications for many years to carry long-distance telephone communications, especially intercontinental, to complement or to bypass submarine cables. To the end-user this is transparent: the phone calls are routed automatically via the available capacity at any given moment. Mobile satellite telephony Mobile telephony allows the user to make telephone calls and to transmit and receive data from wherever he/she is located. Digital cellular mobile telephony such as GSM has become a worldwide standard for mobile communications, but its services lack coverage over areas that are sparsely populated or uninhabited (mountains, jungle, sea), because it is not economically viable or practical for the network operators to build antennas there. Satellite telephony seems to be able to provide a possible solution to the problem of providing voice and data communications services to these other locations Marine Communications In the marine community, satellite communication systems such as Immarsat provide good communication links to ships at sea. These links use a VSAT type device to connect to geosynchronous satellites, which in turn links the ship to a land based point having respective telecommunications system. Global Positioning Services Another VSAT oriented service, in which a small apparatus containing the ability to determine navigational coordinates by calculating a triangulating or the signals from multiple geosynchronous. Military Satellite System For military communications Army, Air force and Navy use both fixed and mobile satellite systems. In addition to the normal communications, military communications are also required for tactical communications from remote and inhospitable locations. The special requirements of military communication terminals are high reliability, ruggedness, compact, operations under hostile environment, immunity to jamming, ease of portability and transportation, etc. Examples of military satellite communications systems are: DSCS (US AF) SKYNET (UK) NATO (NATO) FLTSATCOM (US NAVY) MILSTAR Because of the special frequency band used in Military satellite system and other special requirements, Military satellite Systems are always much costlier and it takes longer time to design and develop compared to commercial satellite communications systems. Realizing that not all communications are strategic in nature, there is a trend now to use commercial communications system as far as possible. US Department of Defence is one of the major users of commercial Iridium satellite system with their own gateway. Broadband Satellite System Broadband satellite service is an emerging service which has caught the fancy of many for meeting the demand of worldwide fibre like access to telecommunications services such as computer networking, broadband Internet access, interactive multimedia and high quality voice. These systems use advanced satellite technology at Ka band or Ku band frequencies to achieve the high bandwidth requirements. Examples of proposed Broadband Satellite systems are: Teledesic, SkyBridge, Spaceway LIMITATIONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Latency (Propagation Delay) Due to the high altitudes of satellite orbits, the time required for a transmission to navigate a satellite link (2/10ths of a second from earth station to earth station) could cause a variety of problems on a high speed terrestrial network that is waiting for the packets. Poor Bandwidth Due to radio spectrum limitations, there is a fixed amount of bandwidth allocable to satellite transmission. Noise The strength of a radio signals strength is in proportion to the square of the distance travelled. Due to the distance between ground station and satellite, the signal ultimately gets very weak. This problem can be solved by modulation of carrier wave. Conclusion The outer space has always fascinated people on the earth and communication through space evolved as an offshoot of ideas for space travel. The earliest idea of using artificial satellites for communications is found in a science fiction Brick Moon by Edward Evert Hale, published in 1869-70. While the early fictional accounts of satellite and space communications bear little resemblance to the technology as it exists today, they are of significance since they represent the origins of the idea from which the technology eventually evolved. The satellite communication through the EM waves has many applications for the smooth functioning of life and it made the communication with each other very simple. In the area of satellite communications, the technology has been responsive to the imaginative dreams. Hence it is also expected that technological innovations will lead the evolution of satellite communications towards the visions of today. Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this term paper. I want to thank department of Electronics and communication of lovely professional university for giving me permission to commence this term paper. I have further more to thank the EMFT faculty member, Mr. Princejeet Singh. I am bound to the physics faculty for their stimulating support. My friends Amit and Sulabh supported me in this term paper. I want to thank them for their help, support, interest and valuable hints. Especially I would like to thank my sister who helped me and enabled me to complete this term paper.

The Effectiveness Of Urban Renewal Strategies In The Sydenham Road Are :: essays research papers

Identification of a Question Sparkbrook is a typical inner city area of Birmingham; predominantly Victorian and Edwardian in character and its multi-cultural society live in a deprived district suffering from high unemployment and a generally poor quality environment. For such reasons it is part of a ‘regeneration’ scheme and this investigation will assess the success of this scheme. Development of Strategy The aim of the urban renewal programme is; to create sustainable structures of economic regeneration, to encourage business development and diversification, and to find solutions to serious social problems caused by the crisis situations that are common in many depressed urban areas. In order to assess the effectiveness of such plans both secondary – 1981 census detail, ward information and web sites, and primary data were collected. Unemployment levels, annual earning figures and the number of people that are employed in professional or managerial jobs are all great measures of the economical aspects. A marked positive alteration in these figures would indicate a success in the regeneration programme. Social aspects can be measured by reviewing crime rates, car ownership, private amenities and the property ownership - private or rented. The amount of pollution in the area, the aesthetic appreciation and housing density are all good measures of environmental aspects. Together the analysis of these three aspects and how they have altered since the programme has been introduced, should highlight the areas of success and failure thus showing the effectiveness of the scheme. Collection of Data The area of regeneration has undergone several changes in the past few years. For example a modern fitness centre had to be closed, as it was no longer financially viable, this is evidence that the local area is non-affluent as the people are unable to sustain a gym. In 1993 the aesthetic value of the area was heightened when the canal walk was opened. The linear areas along the canal are now going to be protected and enhanced. This is of great importance because the heavily built up character of Sparkbrook results in little space for recreational areas. A high percentage of the shops in Sparkbrook are closed and as the money available for housing improvements is strictly residential the shops that are present appear worn and in need of repair. The area also suffers from serious traffic congestion and so parking bays have been created along Fallows road, however the traffic still accumulates and when the stretch of road is clear it could encourage speeding as it is a stereotypical â €˜rat run’.

The First World War (WWI) Essay -- World War 1 I One

World War I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nothing was a bigger disaster than what happened in World War I. This was such a bad war because everyone in the world has allies, and the allies are in oath to help there ally when things get rough or that country is going to war. What I am here to inform you about is how one of the major countries and why one of the biggest powers in the world played a big part in World War I. This country is no other than France, a country who has a lot of say in Europe, and has many allies through out the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war officially started when the assassination of Austria's Archduke Ferdinand on June 28 in Sarajevo. After this France came in on the side of the Russians and Serbians. As an ally of Russia they were forced to defend them, and after this other big powers got involved such as the Germans, Italians, Russians, Americans, and Japan. The true reason why France got involved was because Germany declared war on them. None of the states that went to war realized how long it would last or how terrible the cost might be. Most thought it would be over in a few short months and that peace would return in 1915.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this the war got real nasty and the countries stood for no mercy. The French discharged 180,000 kg of chlorine gas from 5,730 cylinders on the line between Steenstraat on the Yser Canal, through Bixschoote and Langemark, to Poelcappelle. This was the beginning of Chemical warfare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the war starts the Germans are nearly wiping the French out of the war rapidly taking out there soldiers. But the French forces were successful in achieving their objective at the Battle of Mons and the Battle of the Marne. As each side tried to outthink the other, France began to try and take over the Swiss border apart of France. With this great positioning it would be hard for the Germans to attack them from different angles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French thought the war would end quick, because of the great advantage the allies thought they had over Germany and their other countries on there side. As soon as the Americans got involved in the war many people thought it would end even faster. Between the two armies in a ten month span, Bri... ...ost many of their best troops.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time the French were doing well considering the Germans were fighting them face to face on one front, and the Germans had a better trained military than the French. On July 1, 1916, the British and French launched an offensive wave, which put an end to any German thoughts of continuing the Verdun Offensive, was launched against some of the heaviest German armies on the entire Western Front. The British commander, The French had a new campaign which gave the first use of tanks, and was preceded by the war's greatest artillery barrage. Despite these advantages, the general slaughter of allied troops which occurred is famous, with the British suffering 65,000 casualties on the first day alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the October rains finally put an end to the prolonged carnage, 400,000 British, 200,000 French and 450,000 Germans had become casualties. The Allies only captured a few miles of ground, and the Germans soon withdrew to their new Line in early 1917. Then the great French commander Sir John wasted no time to continue with his offensive ideas and gave the Germans no time to retreat and rest.

How to Beg for Money :: essays research papers

Abe’s Poverty Guide to Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 General Advice Why?............................................................3 Cheapest Route...........................................4 Begging Tips†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............................5 Begging vs. Borrowing...............................6 Specific Advice Begging from Parents................................7 Begging from Friends†¦.............................9 Introduction Danger Signals You NEED this guide, if you have ever experienced one of the following... †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You can’t scrape together the $20 minimum credit card payment each month. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That great outfit you bought last week went out of style exactly three seconds after you paid for it and is now lying on your closet floor. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You’re using a credit card for necessities like hair gel and snacks because you have no cash. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You have to avoid your friends at school because you owe them money. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You’ve been reduced to begging your parents for chores in order to make money to pay off your bills. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You had to pawn your CD player to pay for all those cool CDs you bought last month. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your parents give you funny looks when you leave for school wearing a $500 leather jacket, but ask them for lunch money. Warning Signals You SHOULD have this guide, if you have ever experienced one of these: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You’ve really really wanted to go out one night, but simply couldn’t find the money. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The above, but you couldn’t even afford to rent a movie, instead. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You’ve ever given rolled coins to a gas attendant. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone has asked you for a dollar, and you turned and said, â€Å"No, but can I have the quarter in your hand?† It is because of the poor misfortunate folks who have dealt with these symptoms, and the terrible image that they are portraying to the rest of the world that I have chosen to do a manual on how to live rich without money. I, myself, am always broke. Never do I have money, but I still manage to make the world think that I have all the money I want. Today, I am going to share my secrets with you. Remember, though, this is not a step-by-step tutorial, as there is no possible way I could predict every incident and all people are different when it comes to their money. This is just a guide, a helper, to help you be well on your way to free success. Please use the convenient table of contents to help you find exactly what you need for the situation you find yourself in. Carry this manual everywhere you go, and if you are ever about to make any monetary transactions, stop, take a deep breath, and double check that you are doing the right thing.

Califonia Consort: Piano Quintet Essay

The consert was my first time and delightful that I had a opportunity to listen to classical music through the first concert, two Piano Quintets performed by Karen Follingstad, Alyze Dreiling, Susan Ung, Lorie Kirkell, Bert Turetzky at the Incarnation Lutheran Church on February, 19, 2012. The performance consisted of two pieces and the first piece performed was Piano quintet, Op 87 written by J.N. Hummel in the end of classic era and the second piece was Piano Quintet, Op 114 written by F. Schubert, also as well known as â€Å"The Trout.† It was interesting that Hummel composed this quintet in 1802, almost 20 years before Schubert wrote the Trout in 1819 and their composition were widely played during their lifetime; in addition, the both of them have a common in that those two are famous Piano quintets. I thought that the melodies were quite and resounded magnificently in my mind. I could even subconsciously focus on the notes and release feelings of tension. First of all, the Quintet Op.87 is a masterpiece; the first movement (Allegro E Risoluto Assai) at once captives and impresses the hearer with its power and passion. After this follows the Menuetto Y Trio, Largo, Allegra Agitato, is full of light-hearted merriment and ends with a brilliant and effective close. While listening to it, the melody reminded me of Mozart’s pianistic style and The Trout, which would be performed just next to it and, actually, Hummel studied with Mozart. Especially, the first movement of Quintet, OP.87 sounded like tango to me and it started with the violin by Alyze Dreiling, then, the piano sounded to make harmony. I felt that the piano sound was extremely live and rhythmical, whereas, the others created nervous tension for making harmony with the piano. As I said above, everything including Violin, Viola, Cello and Contrabass seemed to be harmony with another, the sound reflected to be able to emphasize each instrument and piano quintet. The second movement, Menuetto Y Trio, Allegro con fuoco, started quietly but, soon, it made a highly elated atmosphere which I was going into and let myself to the flow of continuing intensive melody. On the other hand, it sounded for me to ease tension occasionally. At that time, I could even felt melancholy strain. It repeated to raise tensions constantly, which it was the first time that the melody made me high tension emotionally and I was  impressed by the harmony of the piano quintet because I had never been to any orchestra or concert. After that, the third chapter, Largo, started and then, the sound of piano a bit went up with its fast pace and increased tension more and more, which I felt like sadness and depressed emotion; however, I could retrieve my mental stability by focusing on listening to it. My sentiment was raising highly as it was flowing fast little by little and, finally, was connected to the Finale, Allegra Agitato, the last movement. In the last movement, it became mild, warm and brighter again as if the first movement, the violin and cello sound much attracted my attention because of the wonderful and lilting sound. In the end of the Finale, it went up with high pace again and presented the peculiar principal theme which was of a somewhat martial feature. It ended up with the climax, tension of harmony. I could understand little why it is particularly interesting in its scoring and receive hummel’s great dramatic works by listening to it. Secondly, after Piano quintet, Op 87 performed, they played Piano Quintet, Op 114, widely known as The Trout. It was not first time to hear it but was first time to see the performance at the concert. It consists of five parts and is also immensely popular and famous because it was made by F .Schubert. As the name is The Trout, I felt the piano sound was fresh and animated as if trout was swimming lively from the first movement. When hiking the mountain and seeing the water of a brook, we can feel being full of life, animation and restfulness. I felt just like when I see the water of a brook and could even imagine the figure of trout. In the first movement, Allegro Vivace, the four instruments made harmony slowly based on the piano sound and, especially, the violin and cello stood out clearly. The powerful sound of the cello by Lorie Kirkell was so great and played a role as bridge. I was impressed by a merit of cello sound again and again. The second movement, Andante, was so lyrical melody that I could feel stability and richness like I had lived in village and been satisfied with my life; in addition, The three of the violin, viola and cello melodies definitely showed to advantage. I personally would like to listen to the music with lyricism because it radiates feeling of relaxation. From this part, I started to think this tune was made for cello because the cello sounded  ever-greater part of this music. After the second chapter, the third movement, Scherzo, was as if the piano and others were talking to each other to make harmony. It was greatly cheerful that it made me pleasant and it went up with fast pace. The light each sounds added zest to the melody. The reason why I listen to it again and again is this part because its flow was interesting to me like trout was playing in the water. In the fourth movement, Andantino, I felt different sensation of lilting due to the many times of playing a variation and foun d the other liveliness by hearing this chapter. This part was why it was named The Trout because it impresses that trout settles down to active, indeed. I also could imagine that trout was going all over in the water and playing; moreover, I could know this part was made of cheerful feature entirely. The Finale, Allegro Giusto, also was brimful of vigor. The four string instrument played theme and the piano repeated it in high speed. This part also made an impression which was fulfilled of vitality to me. I would like the music going on continuously fresh tune of the four string instrument’s sound. Somehow it made me feel like Hungary wanderer too because of the delightful melody. This performance was fascinating enough to hold attention of audiences. I was captivated by the great wonderful sound. By listening to these two piano quintets, I took a new step on the classic music. I was unfamiliar with classic music but, now, since I attended this concert, I sometimes listen to classic music and relieve stress. Now I realized that classical music has its own distinct charm compared to new age and the impression from the melody could be amplified when I appreciated musical pieces on the spot. It was today when I sank into a deep emotion with classic music, precious harvest to attend the great concert and listen to classic music.

Hnrs. Renaissance History Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide Essay

1. The cardinal well-nigh important stoops on erudition thought were who? John Locke and Isaac northward 2. After 1688, wide Britain permitted religious acceptation to which root words? Lutherans, Jews, and Muslims 3. This nation was significantly freer than any separate European nation at the theme of the enlightenment. What nation is this? Great Britain 4. An expanding, literate frequent and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a bracing and increasing influential complaisant force c totallyed what? normal opinion 5. compose by Voltaire in English and ulterior translated to cut, this book praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of cut troupe. What is this books act? Letters on the English 6. Philosophies criticized the Christian church for galore(postnominal) things, but not for what? Ta pansy too limited a role in national politics.7. The two major points in the Deists creed were what? The sentiment in an aft(prenominal)life dependent upon unrivaleds e rusehly actions and the existence of a rational theology. 8. Which of the adjacent figures came closest to godlessness in their religious thinking? office dHolbach 9. According to Ethics, the to the highest degree storied of his works, this man closely identified God and nature, an idea for which his contemporaries condemned him. Who was this? Spinoza 10. This eighteenth century philosopher was known as the Judaic Socrates. Who is this man? Mendelssohn 11. Pascal and other critics cut this as an exceptionally carnal or sexually promiscuous religion because of its teaching method that heaven was a place of esthetical delights. What is this religion? Islam 12. The Encyclopedia did what? secularized learning and circulate Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe 13. He published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the puzzle of making punishments both effecti ve and just. Who is this? marquis Cesare Beccaria 14. Adam Smith advocated what? The ending of Eng debarks mercantile system.15. According to Smith, government should proffer what? Schools, armies, navies and roads. 16. According to Smiths four-stage theory, gentleman societies moved from where to where? Barbarism to Civilization 17. The most important semipolitical thought of the Enlightenment occurred in what country? France 18. He contended that the emergence of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted homosexual nature. Who is he? Rousseau 19. Based on his ideas and traditions, most 18th-century political thinkers regarded human beings as individuals and society as a collection of individuals pursing personal, self-seeking goals. Who is this? John Locke 20. Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment favored what? the extension of European empires cross airs the earthly concern 21. Herder is famous for his wee views concerning what? cultural relati vism22. The philosophies generally were not what? avid feminists 23. He maintained that women were not by nature inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society. He was as well as sympathetic in his observations concerning the take to be situated on womens appearance and the injustice women met as they aged. Who was he? Montesquieu 24. Which of the quest styles of prowess utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an tension on pastel colors and the extend of light? Rococo 25. Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world? Neoclassicism 26. Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than wound up and their subject matter usually bear on what? Public life or public morals. 27. He was a toilsome royalist who in 1759 published a chronicle of the Russian Empire under diaphysis the Great, which declared, Peter was born, and Russia was formed Who said this? Voltaire 28. Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catharine II make pundit reforms as vocalization of their grow to do what? Increase revenues and gain political support.29. This monarch embodies enlightened absolutism more(prenominal) than any other. He/she forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy? Frederick the Great 30. Monarchs associated with enlightened absolutism included all of the following rulers mare Theresa, Joseph II, Frederick the Great, Catherine II 31. Of all the wage increase states of the 18th century, this state was the most versatile in its people and problems. What is this state? Austria 32. Maria Theresa of Austria did all of the following limited the step of labor the nobility could demand from peasants completed a very efficient revenue enhancement system expanded primary reading created central councils to deal with political problems 33. Joseph II of Austria so ught to improve the productivity and neighborly conditions of the peasantry 34. Catherine the Great of Russia did what? built a strong alliance with the nobility35. As vocalization of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed what saucily independent state in 1783? Crimea 36. fag Louis XVI convened the solid ground of the realms General in localise to do what? raise tax revenues 37. The French parlements spoke for the interests of what group? The Aristocracy 38. He was responsible for the introduction of the alterationary land tax that all landowners would have to put up regardless of their social status. Who is he? Charles Alexandre de Calonne 39. The fan tan of Paris declared that only the_______________ could engraft new taxes. Estates General 40. The Second Estate of the Estates General was made up of what group? The Nobility 41. By the following way the aristocracy attempted to limit the influence of the Third Estate. What is this attempt? Th ey demanded that each estate have an equal number of representatives 42. The cahiers de doleances presented to the king included all of the following grievances establishment waste, corruption, indirect taxes, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy.43. The Tennis flirt Oath points to an oath taken by what party? National host to succumb France a constitution 44. Throughout the spend and spring of 1789, the high prices for what commodity produced many riots? Bread 45. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was title by what group? the National component part Assembly 46. During the Great Fear what happened? Peasants acquire rights and property they had lost to aristocratic resurgence. 47. Which of the following stovepipe describes the form of government pursue by the National Constituent Assembly? constitutional monarchy 48. According to the suffrage stipulations of the character of 1791, approximately how many of Frances 25 million citizens were qualified to vote? 50,00049. The Chapelier equity did what? forbade workers associations 50. The Roman Catholic Church condemned the _________________________. French Revolution 51. The following statement or so the Jacobins are not true they were the most conservative political group in the National Constituent Assembly 52. The enclosure sans culottes was used in revolutionary France to refer to what? Workers 53. The sans culottes wanted what above all else? nation 54. Louis XVI was condemned to death on the shake up of what? Conspiring against the liberty of the people. 55. As Prime curate of England, William Pitt the Younger did what? Suppressed reform AND popular movements 56. The following best summarizes Edmund Burkes view of the French Revolution He believed it was shortsighted and politically ignorant57. By April 1793, the following countries were at war with France Spain, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia 58. Issued in August of 1793, the lvee en masse was a what? military req uire on the entire population 59. By late 1794, the French army was the _______________________ in European history. Largest army 60. The core value of the republic of virtue created by the revolution was what? Public good over mysterious good 61. The following was not part of the ideology embraced by Maximilien de Robespierre? Embrace Christianity 62. galore(postnominal) victims of the Reign of Terror were subject to what charitable form of execution? Guillotine63. The legal philosophy of 22 Prairial, passed on June 10 of 1794, permitted the _________ __________________________ without essential evidence. conviction of counterrevolutionaries 64. The Thermidorian reaction resulted in all of the following a pull hindquarters from the radical revolution a new constitution the closing of the Paris Jacobin participation the reduction of the political power of the sans culottes 65. The Bands of deliverer did what? murdered suspected Jacobins 66. The following best summarizes the c omparison of freedoms exercised by women before 1789 versus after 1795? Women had more freedom before 1789 67. The French Revolution has often been considered a advantage of what group? Bourgeoisie 68. The Treaties of Basel in knock against and June 1795 concluded peace with whom? Spain and Prussia