'Scientific Inventions\r'

'ASSEMBLY LINE: Primitive assembly tenor performance was basic apply in 1901 by Ran some Eli Olds (1864-1950), an early car- take aimr (he manufactured the Oldsmobile, the origin commercially successful American car). Henry Ford (1863-1947) use the first conveyor belt-based assembly-line in his car manufactory in 1913-14 in Fords Highland Park, Michigan plant. This oddball of production greatly reduced the amount of sentence taken to put for each unitary car unitedly (93 minutes for a Model T) from its parts, reducing production costs.\r\nAssembly lines are now utilize in most manufacturing processes. BAEKELAND, L. H. : Leo Hendrik Baekeland (November 14, 1863 †February 23, 1944) was a Belgian-born American druggist who invented Velox photographic paper (1893) and Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and real popular charge plate. BAKELITE: Bakelite (also cal lead catalin) is a plastic, a dense synthetic polymer (a phenolic resin) that was use d to energize jewelry, game pieces, engine parts, radio boxes, switches, and umpteen, some opposite objects.\r\nBakelite was the first industrial thermo square up plastic (a material that does not change its shape after being mixed and heated). Bakelite plastic is make from carbolic red-hot (phenol) and formaldehyde, which are mixed, heated, and then either molded or extruded into the desired shape. Bakelite was patented in 1907 by the Belgian-born American chemist Leo Hendrik Baekeland (November 14, 1863 †February 23, 1944). The Nobel dough winning German chemist Adolf von Baeyer had experimented with this material in 1872, but did not complete its development or see its potential.\r\nBaekeland operated the ecumenic Bakelite Company from 1911 to 1939 (in Perth Amboy, N. J. , USA), and produced up to about 200,000 tons of Bakelite annually. Bakelite replaced the very flammable celluloid plastic that had been so popular. The novelty above is do of â€Å"butterscotchâ⠂¬Â Bakelite. BAROMETER: A barometer is a subterfuge that measures air (barometric) pressure. It measures the weight of the column of air that extends from the agent to the top of the atmosphere. There are two types of barometers usually used today, hydrargyrum and aneroid (meaning â€Å"fluid s watery”).\r\nEarlier water barometers (also cognize as â€Å" beleaguer glass”) date from the 17th century. The mercury barometer was invented by the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli (1608 †1647), a pupil of Galileo, in 1643. Torricelli modify a glass thermionic vacuum tube filled with mercury into another container of mercury; the mercury in the tube â€Å"weighs” the air in the atmosphere above the tube. The aneroid barometer (using a spring balance instead of a liquid) was invented by the French scientist Lucien Vidie in 1843. BATTERY: A onslaught is a device that converts chemical elan vital into electrical energy.\r\nEach battery has two ele ctrodes, an anode (the compulsive end) and a cathode (the negative end). An electrical circuit runs amidst these two electrodes, going through a chemical called an electrolyte (which can be either liquid or solid). This unit consisting of two electrodes is called a cell (often called a voltaic cell or pile). Batteries are used to power umpteen devices and make the spark that starts a gasoline engine. Alessandro Volta was an Italian physicist invented the first chemical battery in 1800. Storage batteries : are lead-based batteries that can be recharged.\r\nIn 1859, the French physicist Gaston Plante (1834-1889) invented a battery made from two lead plates joined by a wire and immersed in a sulfuric blistery electrolyte; this was the first storage battery. BUNSEN BURNER: The laboratory etna burner was invented by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen in 1855. Bunsen (1811-1899) was a German chemist and teacher. He invented the Bunsen burner for his enquiry in isolating chemical substances †it has a high-intensity, non-luminous brand that does not interfere with the colored flame emitted by chemicals being tested.\r\nCASSEGRAIN TELESCOPE: A Cassegrain telescope is a wide-angle reflecting telescope with a concave reverberate that receives light and focuses an image. A second mirror reflects the light through a gap in the autochthonic mirror, allowing the eyepiece or camera to be mount at the back end of the tube. The Cassegrain reflecting telescope was true in 1672 by the French sculptor Sieur Guillaume Cassegrain. A correcting plate (a lens of the eye) was added in 1930 by the Estonian astronomer and lens-maker Bernard Schmidt (1879-1935), creating the Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope which minimized the spherical aberration of the Cassegrain telescope.\r\nCELLOPHANE: Cellophane is a thin, transparent, raincoat, protective film that is used in many types of case. It was invented in 1908 by Jacques Edwin Brandenberger, a Swiss chemist. He had originally intended cello phane to be bonded onto fabric to make a waterproof textile, but the new material was brittle and not recyclable. Cellophane proved very useful all alone as a packaging material. Chemists at the Dupont Company (who ulterior on bought the pays to cellophane) made cellophane waterproof in 1927. CELSIUS, ANDERS: Anders Celsius (1701-1744) was a Swedish professor of astronomy who devised the Celsius thermometer.\r\nHe also ventured to the far north of Sweden with an jaunt in order to measure the length of a degree along a meridian, close to the pole, later comparing it with similar measurements made in the grey Hemisphere. This confirmed that that the shape of the earth is an ellipsoid which is flatten at the poles. He also cataloged 300 stars. With his appurtenant Olof Hiorter, Celsius notice the magnetic basis for auroras. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE: Zacharias Janssen was a Dutch lens-maker who invented the first mix microscope in 1595 (a compound microscope is one which has more than one lens).\r\nHis microscope consisted of two tudes that slid deep down one another, and had a lens at each end. The microscope was focused by sliding the tubes. The lens in the eyepiece was bi-convex (bulging outwards on both sides), and the lens of the far end (the objective lens) was Plano-convex (flat on one side and bulging outwards on the other side). This advanced microscope had a 3 to 9 generation power of magnification. Zacharias Janssens father Hans may have helped him embodiment the microscope. DA VINCI, LEONARDO: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was an Italian inventor, artist, architect, and scientist.\r\nDa Vinci had an interest in engineering and made detailed sketches of the airplane, the helicopter (and other flying machines), the parachute, the submarine, the armoured car, the ballista (a giant crossbow), rapid-fire guns, the centrifugal pump (designed to feed wet areas, like marshes), ball bearings, the worm caravan (a set of gears in which many teeth make contact at once, reducing the strain on the teeth, allowing more pressure to be put on the mechanism), and many other incredible ideas that were centuries ahead of da Vincis time.\r\nDAVY, HUMPHRY: Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) was an English scientist who invented the first electric light in 1800. He experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected wires from his battery to two pieces of carbon, electricity arced amid the carbon pieces, producing an intense, hot, and short-lived light. This is called an electric arc. Davy also invented a miners safety helmet and a process to desalinate ocean water. Davy sight the elements boron, sodium, aluminum (whose name he later changed to aluminum), and potassium.\r\nEDISON, THOMAS ALVA: Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) was an American inventor (also known as the Wizard of Menlo Park) whose many inventions revolutionized the world. His work includes modify the incandescent electric light bulb and inventing t he record player, the phonograph record, the carbon telephone transmitter, and the motion-picture projector. Edison’s first business organization was as a telegraph operator, and in the variety of his duties, he redesigned the stock-ticker machine. The Edison Universal Stock Printer gave him the jacket ($40,000) to set up a laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, to invent full-time (with many employees).\r\nEdison experimented with thousands of divers(prenominal) light bulb filaments to find just the right materials to glow well, be long-lasting, and be inexpensive. In 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not burn up for sooner a while. This incandescent bulb revolutionized the world. ELION, GERTRUDE: Gertrude Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 †February 21, 1999) was a Nobel Prize winning biochemist who invented many life-saving drugs, including 6-mercaptopurine (Purinethol) and 6-thioguanine (which fight leukemia), Imuran, Zovirax, and many others.\r\nElion worked at Burroughs- Glaxo Wellcome for decades (beginning in 1944) with George Hitchings and Sir James Black, with whom she shared the Nobel Prize. She is named on 45 patents for drugs and her work has saved the lives of thousands of people. ENIAC: ENIAC stands for â€Å"Electronic Numerical integrator and Computer. ” It was one of the first all-purpose, all-electronic digital computers. This room-sized computer was built by the physicist caper William Mauchly (Aug. 30, 1907 †Jan. 8, 1980) and the electrical engineer John Presper Eckert, Jr. (April 9, 1919 †June 3, 1995) at the University of Pennsylvania.\r\nThey completed the machine in November, 1945. FARNSWORTH, PHILO T. : Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906-1971) was an American inventor. Farnsworth invented many major major components of the television, including power, rivet systems, synchronizing the signal, contrast, controls, and scanning. He also invented the radar systems, frozen cathode ray tube, the first baby incubator and the first electronic microscope. Farnsworth held over 300 patents. FOUCAULT, JEAN: denim Bernard Leon Foucault (1819-1868) was a French physicist who invented the gyro (1852) and the Foucault pendulum (1851).\r\nA gyroscope is essentially a spinning wheel set in a movable frame. When the wheel spins, it retains its spacial orientation, and it resists external forces applied to it. Gyroscopes are used in navigation instruments (for ships, planes, and rockets). Foucault was the first person to demonstrate how a pendulum could track the rotation of the Earth (the Foucault pendulum) in 1851. He also showed that light travels more slowly in water than in air (1850) and improved the mirrors of reflecting telescopes (1858).\r\nFRANKLIN, genus Benzoin: Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706-April 17, 1790) was an American statesman, writer, printer, and inventor. Franklin experimented extensively with electricity. In 1752, his experimen ts with a kite in a thunderstorm (never do this, many people have died trying it! ) led to the development of the lightning rod. Franklin started the first circulating library in the colonies in 1731. He also invented bifocal glasses and the Franklin stove. The idea of daylight savings time was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1784.\r\nGALILEI, GALILEO: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. Galileo prove that the speed at which bodies fall does not expect on their weight and did extensive experimentation with pendulums. In 1593 Galileo invented the thermometer. In 1609, Galileo was the first person to use a telescope to observe the skies (after hearing about Hans Lippersheys newly-invented telescope). Galileo discovered the rings of Saturn (1610), was the first person to see the quaternity major moons of Jupiter (1610), observed the phases of Venus, studied sunspots, and discovered many other important phenomena.\r\n'